| 030-MONTH STAY. (Pharma.) | is the automatic prohibition of FDA action on an ANDA with a Paragraph IV certification if the brand-name company files a patent infringement suit against the generic applicant within 45 days. |
| 180-DAY EXCLUSIVITY (Generic Pharma.) | is the marketing exclusivity granted to the first applicant that files an ANDA with Paragraph IV certification |
| AA AMYLOIDOSIS | AA Amyloidosis is a fatal condition for which there is no effective therapy. This condition is a consequence of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases, and chronic infections such as osteomyelitis and tuberculosis. The hereditary condition known as Familial Mediterranean Fever can also lead to AA Amyloidosis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis are reported to represent the majority - approximately 50 % - of the thousands of patients suffering from AA Amyloidosis. With the impact of shifting demographics to an aging population in the next decade, the number of people with chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis will dramatically increase. Because the amyloid fibrils in AA Amyloidosis mostly deposit in the liver, spleen and kidneys, the most common clinical presentation of this lethal disorder is kidney failure. Gastrointestinal complications are also frequent and are usually manifested as chronic diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and malabsorption. Enlargement of the liver and the spleen may also occur in some patients. AA Amyloidosis has a poor prognosis with five to 15-year survival rates of 50 % and 25 %, respectively. End-stage renal failure is the cause of death in 40 % to 60 % of cases |
| ABACA | (Manila hemp). The strongest vegetable fiber, obtained from leaves of the tree of the banana family. The fibers are 4-8 ft long, light in wt., soft lustrous, nearly white & so not swell or loose strength when wet. Denier ranges from 300 to 500. |
| ABBREVIATED NEW DRUG APPLICATION | is the process of obtaining approval to market a generic drug. An ANDA contains information demonstrating that the generic drug is bioequivalent to the brand-name product and certification that the generic drug does not infringe on any patent for the brand-name product listed in the Orange Book or certification that the listed patents are invalid |
| ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM | A ballooning or widening of the main artery (the aorta) as it courses down through the abdomen. At the point of the aneurysm, the aneurysm usually measures 3 cm or more in diameter. The aneurysm weakens the wall of the aorta and can end in the aorta rupturing with catastrophic consequences. As the diameter of the aorta increases, the chances of an abdominal aortic aneurysm rupturing rise. A measurement of 5 cm is often used to recommend surgery. Persons with AAA tend to be 60 or over. Men are 5 times more likely than women to have an AAA. |
| ABE FERMENTATION | The microbial fermentation of carbohydrates to acetone, butanol & ethanol |
| ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA | Genetically inherited metabolic defect in humans that is characterized by the absence of low d. lipoproteins |
| ABHERENT | Any substance that prevents adhesion of material to itself or to another material |
| ABIOGENESIS | 1. The formation of a substance other than by a living organism 2. The doctrine that living organisms can come from nonliving matter; spon taneous generation |
| ABIOSIS | Absence of life |
| ABLATION | - Biochemical: The breakup & wearing of a solid surface by impact with particles or radia tion; the etching of the surface of a biol. tissue by exposure to UV lasers - Chemical: The rapid removal of heat (5000 to 10,000F) from metal substrate by pyroly sis of a material of low thermal conductivity, which is able to absorb or dissi pate heat while being decomposed to gases & porous char. Ablative mate rials applied to the exterior of T-sensitive structures isolate them from hyper thermal effects of the environment. Interaction of a high-energy environment with the exposed ablative material results in a small amount of sacrificial erosion of surface material. The attendant energy-absorption processes control the surface T & greatly restrict the flow of heat into the substrate. Ablative materials are usually composed of ceramic or glass reinforced plastic |
| ABLATIVE PHOTODECOMPOSITION (APD) | photochemical process that occurs when organic material absorbs ultraviolet (193-nm) laser radiation above a threshold power per unit area. The laser radiation breaks chemical bonds and vaporizes material without heating or charring surrounding material. It allows precision cutting or etching of material, including human tissue. |
| ABM Paper | Amino Benzyloxy Methylcellulose Paper, used in the study of nucleic acids. When this paper is chemically activated, it binds single-stranded nucleic acid covalently |
| ABORTIVE INFECTION | A viral infection that either does not lead to the formation of viral particles or leads to the formation of noninfectious viral particles |
| ABORTIVE INITIATION | An initiation of transcription that is terminated after only a few nucleotides have been polymerized. |
| ABORTIVE TRANSDUCTION | Bacterial transduction in which the DNA from the donor cell is introduced into the recipient cell, but fails to become integrated into the chromosome of the recipient bacterium |
| ABRASIVE | A finely divided, hard, refractory material ranging from 6 to 10 on the Mohs scale, used to reduce, smooth, clean or polish the surfaces of other less hard substances, such as glass, plastic, stone, wood etc. Natural abrasive materials include diamond dust, garnet, sand (silica), corundum (Al oxide, emery), pumice, rouge (Fe oxide), & feldspar; the more important synthetic types are SiC, B carbide, Ce oxide & fused alumina. Abrasives in powder form are used in several ways: (1) Applied directly to the surface to be treated by mechanical pressure or compressed-air blast, as in cleaning building stone (2) Affixed to a paper or textile backing after the particles have been coated with an adhesive (3) Mixed with a bonding agent such as Na silicate or clay, the particles being compressed into a wheel rotated by a power-driven shaft |
| ABSOLUTE PLATING EFFICIENCY | The percentage of cells that give rise to colonies when a given number of cells are plated on a nutrient medium |
| ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION | The actual spatial arrangement of the atoms about the asymmetrical C atoms in a molecule |
| ABSOLUTE DEFECTIVE MUTANT | A cell or an organism that exhibits its mutant phenotypic behavior under all conditions |
| ABSORBED ANTISERUM | An antiserum from which Ab have been removed by the addition of soluble antigens |
| ABSORBENT | A substance that absorbs another substance |
| ABSORBER | A material used to absorb radioactive radiation |
| ABSORPTIVE LIPEMIA | The transient increase in the concn. of lipids in the blood that follows the ingestion of fat |
| ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS | Acanthamoeba keratitis is an infection of the transparent outer covering of the eye, or the cornea, caused by a microscopic, free-living amoeba. Acanthamoeba is commonly found in water, soil and air. AK infection is uncommon in healthy individuals, but contact lens wearers who improperly store or disinfect their lenses or who wear lenses while showering or swimming are at higher risk of developing an infection. Current treatment regimens can last a year or more and include a combination of prescription eye medications. Severe vision impairment or loss of the eye may occur, even if the condition is diagnosed early and managed appropriately |
| ACANTHOCYTE | A cell that has numerous projecting spines or "thorns" |
| ACANTHOCYTOSIS | (1) A condition characterized by blood that contains spherical erythrocytes that have numerous projecting spines (2) ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA |
| ACANTHOSOME | A membranous vesicle that appears in fibroblasts, isolated from the skin of hairless mice that have been subjected to chronic UV irradiation |
| ACARICIDE | A type of pesticide effective on mites & ticks (acarides) |
| ACATALASEMIA | See ACATALASIA |
| ACATALASIA | A genetically inherited metabolic defect in humans that is due to a deficiency of the enzyme catalase |
| ACC SYNTHASE (tomato plant) | ACC synthase is the rate limiting enzyme that converts s-adenosylmethionine to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, the immediate precursor to ethylene |
| ACCELERATION (Biochemistry) | A stage in carcinogenesis in which, according to the Busch theory, an accelerator protein is synthesized which functions in accelerating the production of cancer RNA from cancer DNA |
| ACCELERATOR GLOBULIN | See Proaccelerin |
| ACCELERIN | The activated form of proaccelerin that converts prothrombin to thrombin during blood clotting |
| ACCESSORY PIGMENT | A photosynthetic pigment such as a carotenoid or phycobilin, that functions in conjunction with primary photosynthetic pigment |
| ACCESSORY FACTOR | A protein in blood clotting that, when activated proteolytically, serves to enhance the rate of proteolytic activation of some other blood clotting factor |
| ACCUMULATION THEORY | A theory of aging according to which aging is due to the accumulation of either a deleterious or toxic substance |
| ACELLULAR | Not composed of cells |
| ACETATE HYPOTHESIS | The hypothesis that a multitude of complex substances may be formed naturally as a result of modification of the linear chains formed by repeated head-to-tail condensation of acetic acid residues; typical modification are cyclization, oxidation & alkylation |
| ACETATE REPLACING FACTOR | Lipoic Acid |
| ACETATE THIOKINASE | A fatty acid thiokinase that catalyzes the activation of fatty acids having 2 or 3 C atoms to fatty acyl coenzyme A |
| ACETIFICATION | The spoilage of beverages, such as wine & beer, due to aerobic oxidation of EtOH to AcOH by microorganisms |
| ACETOGENIN | One of a large number of compds that are formally equivalent to head-to-tail condensation prodts of AcOH residues. Acetogenins are biosynthesized by means of a multienzyme complex via condensations of acetyl coenzyme A molecules or other deriv. of coenzyme A. Acetogenins are responsible for many of the brilliant colors that occur in nature. Major subgroups include flavonoids, tetracyclines, & macrolide antibiotics. |
| ACETONE POWDER | A prepn of one or more proteins that is produced by removal of acetone by vacuum filtration from an acetone extract of a tissue; used in the course of isolating & purifying an enzyme or other proteins |
| ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN PROCESS | in which the reactants are acetone and hydrogen cyanide--generally by-products from other chemical processes. |
| ACETONEMIA | The presence of excessive amounts of acetone in blood |
| ACETONURIA | The presence of excessive amounts of acetone in urine |
| ACETYL COENZYME A | The acetylated form of coenzyme A; a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, in fatty acid oxidation, in fatty acid synthesis |
| ACETYL NUMBER | A measure of the number of -OH groups in a fat; equal to the number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the AcOH in 1 gram of acetylated fat |
| ACETYL VALUE | The number of milligrams of KOH required for neutralization of AcOH obtained by the saponification of one gram of acetylated fat or oil sample. Acetylation is carried out by boiling the sample with an equal amount of acetic anhydride, washing & drying. Saponification values on the acetylated & on untreated fat are determined. From the results the acetyl value is calculated. It is a measure of the number of free hydroxyl groups in the fat or oil |
| ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE | A multienzyme system that catalyzes the ATP-requiring biosynthesis of malonyl-SCoA from acetyl-SCoA & HCO3 anion. The enzyme from E. coli & plants consists of 3 comp.: (a) biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP or BCP); a protein that contains 2 identical subunits, each of which has one mole. of biotin linked covalently to the epsilon-NH2 group of a lysine residue; (b) biotin carboxylase (BC); an enzyme having 2 identical subunits; (c) transcarboxylase (TC or carboxyl transferase); a tetrameric enzyme contg 2 pairs of non-identical subunits |
| ACETYLATION | Acylation reaction in which an MeCO- radical is introduced into organic compd |
| ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE | The enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline & AcOH during the transmission of a nerve impulse |
| ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE | The enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline & AcOH during transmission of nerve impulse |
| ACETYLENE BLACK | The C black resulting from incomplete combustion or thermal decompn of acetylene |
| ACETYLORNITHINE CYCLE | A cyclic set of reactions in bacteria & plants that constitutes a major pathway for the synthesis of ornithine from glutamic acid & N-acetylornithine |
| ACETYLSERINE | The acetylated form of serine believed to function in the initiation of translation in mammalian systems |
| ACETYLTRANSFERASE | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to another compd |
| ACHIRAL | Not chiral |
| Achirotopic | Not chirotopic |
| ACHLOROPHYLLOUS | Lacking chlorophyll |
| ACHROMIC | Devoid of color |
| ACHROMIC POINT | A stage in the hydrolysis of starch at which the addition of iodine fails to produce a blue color |
| ACHROMOTRICHIA FACTOR | p-Aminobenzoic Acid |
| Achromycin | See Tetracyclines |
| ACICULAR | Needle-shaped; used in describing crystals or the particles in powders |
| ACID HEMATIN | A hematin formed from hemoglobin by treat. with acid < pH 3 |
| ACID PLANT | A plant that accumulates organic acids in its leaves; these acids form ammonium salts |
| ACID RAIN | The environmental phenomen in which SO2 & N oxides expelled into the air by industrial combustion, react with rainwater to produce dilute soln of SO4H2 & NO3H. Acid rain leads to acidification of streams & lakes & depletion or loss of their fish life |
| ACID DYE | An azo, triarylmethane or anthraquinone dye with acid groups such as nitro-, carboxy, or sulfonic acid. They are most frequently applied in acid soln to wool or silk, & no doubt combine with the basic groups of the proteins of those animal fibers. Orange II (C.I. 15510), black 10B & acid alizarine blue B are examples |
| ACID LINING | Silica brick lining used in steel-making furnaces |
| ACID MIGRATION (Electronics) | Acid migration is a problem associated with photoacid generators used in semiconductor device's positive photoresists; & it arises as an effect of existence of "time delay" between exposure to UV light & baking of the wafer to consummate the reaction between protons & protected ester groups. Photolysis of the onium salt liberates protons within the exposed area, but said "delay" results in slow diffusion through the resin out of that area, eroding the resolution |
| ACID MINE DRAINAGE | Water from both active & inactive coal mines which has become contaminated with SO4H2 as a result of hydrolysis of ferric sulfate, the oxidation prodt of pyrite. This is a factor in water & stream pollution, which can be corrected by use of appropriate ion-exchange resins |
| ACID PHOSPHATASE | An enzyme found in blood serum which catalyzes the liberation of inorganic phosphate from phosphate esters. Optimum pH 5; is less active than alkaline phosphatase |
| ACID VALUE | The number of mg of KOH neutralized by the free acids present in one gr of oil, fat, or wax. The determn. is made by titrating the sample in hot 95% EtOH using phenolphthalein as indicator |
| ACID-BASE BALANCE | The reactions & factors involved in maintaining a constant internal environment in the body with respect to the buffer systems & the pH of the various fluid compartments |
| ACIDAMINURIA | Aminoaciduria |
| ACIDEMIA | Condition characterized by an increase in the H-ion concn of the blood |
| ACIDIMETRY | The determination of the concn. of acid soln. or of the quantity of acid in a sample or mixt. This is usually done by titration with a soln. of base of known strength (standard soln.) & an indicator is used to establish the end point |
| ACIDOPHIL | A cell that stains with an acidic dye |
| ACIDOSIS | A deviation from the normal acid-base balance in the body that is due to a disturbance which, by itself & in the absence of compensatory mechanisms would tend to lower the pH of the blood. The actual change in pH depends on whether & to what extent the disturbance is compensated for. The Disturbances & the compensatory mechanisms are considered primarily with respect to their effect on the bicarbonate/carbonic acid ratio of blood plasma |
| ACIDOSOME | A nonlysosomal vesicle that functions in the acidification of digestive phagocytic vacuoles in "Paramecium" |
| ACIDURIA | A condition characterized by the excretion of an excessively acidic urine |
| ACL (Abbrev.) RUPTURE | ACL ruptureis a common injury of the athletically active population. The ACL is a ligament with mechanical functions to stabilize the knee joint. The most common repair involves a procedure where the patient’s own tissue is used to reconstruct the ACL. Another repair involves use of processed cadaver tissue to reconstruct the ACL. Synthetic material-based ligaments have been developed with limited success due to their permanence and eventual mechanical failures. ReCombinant Spider Silk Suture? |
| ACONITASE | The Fe-contg enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of citrate & isocitrate in the citric acid cycle. The reaction proceeds via the enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate (a tricarboxylic acid) |
| ACQUIRED ANTIBODY | An Ab produced by an immune reaction as distinct from one occurring naturally |
| ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA | An autoimmune disease in which individuals form antibodies to their own red blood cells |
| ACQUIRED IMMUNITY | The immunity established in an animal organism during its lifetime |
| ACQUIRED TOLERANCE | The immunological tolerance produced in an animal organism by the injection of antigen into it; acquired tolerance persists only as long as the antigen remains in the organism |
| ACROMEGALY | A condition characterized by overgrowth of skeletal structures due to the excessive production of growth hormone. Acromegaly is a serious, life-shortening disease triggered by over-secretion of growth hormone, most often caused by a pituitary tumor. This excess of growth hormone leads to overproduction of a second hormone, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-l), which contributes to the disabling symptoms and the long-term health problems associated with the disorder(1). Patients with acromegaly often suffer from headache, excessive sweating, soft-tissue swelling, joint disorders and, perhaps most striking, a progressive coarsening of facial features and enlargement of the hands, feet and jaw(2). Patients with acromegaly face a mortality rate two to four times higher than the average person, due to such serious long-term complications as heart and respiratory disease, diabetes mellitus and some forms of cancer(3). |
| ACROSOME | A cap-like structure, beneath the cell membrane, at the head of a spermatozoon; it serves to digest the egg coatings to permit fertilization |
| ACROSOME REACTION | The release of the contents of an acrosome by exocytosis upon contact of a sperm with an egg |
| ACTH FAMILY | A group of peptide hormones, including ACTH, lipotropin, & melanotropin, that are derived from a common precursor. The opioids beta-endorphin & gamma-endorphin are also derived from the same precursor which is known as preproopiomelanocortin |
| ACTIN | A major protein comp. of the myofilaments of striated muscle & the principal constituent of the thin filaments of muscle & of the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
| ACTINIC KERATOSIS | Actinic keratosis also called solar keratosis or senile keratosis is a premalignant condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. It usually reflects a degree of solar damage, and may progress to basal cell carcinoma |
| ACTINIDE SERIES | The group of radioactive elements starting with actinium (q.v.) & ending with Element 105. All are classed as metals. Those with atomic number > 92 are called transuranic elements. The series includes the following elements: actinium, 89; thorium, 90; protoactinium, 91; uranium, 92; neptunium, 93; plutonium, 94; americium, 95; curium, 96; berkelium, 97; californium, 98; einsteinium, 99; fermium, 100; mendelevium, 101; novelium, 102; lawrencium, 103; rutherfordium, 104; & hahnium, 105. |
| ACTIVATED CHECKPOINT THERAPY | Overview A checkpoint is a cell's natural defense mechanism that ensures genomic integrity. Depressed checkpoint function is a hallmark of cancer cells. In the normal cell cycle, checkpoints allow cells to repair DNA damage or to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). Cancer cells, with multiple abnormalities including genetic (DNA) damage, survive and proliferate because key checkpoints and apoptotic pathways are disabled during development of cancer. Conventional chemotherapy seeks to kill cancer cells by creating further damage to DNA. A well-known side effect of this approach is that normal cells are indiscriminately damaged, creating toxicity to patients and limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Furthermore, the depressed checkpoint pathways limit cancer cell killing activity of conventional chemotherapy. Unique approach to cancer therapy is designed to restore or reactivate checkpoint functions that are lost in cancer cells. The Company develops small molecules that activate cell cycle checkpoint functions within cancer cells, allowing them to detect and respond to DNA damage. As a result, cancer cells proceed toward apoptosis. This approach, the Activated Checkpoint Therapy platform, is a key concept in approach to drug development |
| ACTIVATED SLUDGE | See SEWAGE SLUDGE |
| ACTIVATION ANALYSIS | An extremely sensitive technique for identifying & measuring very small amounts of various elements. A sample is exposed to neutron bombardment in a nuclear reactor, for the purpose of prodg radioisotopes from the stable elements. The characteristics of the induced radiations are sufficiently distinct that different elements in the sample can be accurately identified. The technique is particularly useful when concns. of the elements are too small to be measured by ordinary means. Trace elements have thus been determined in drugs, fertilizers, foods, fuels, glass, minerals, dusts, water, toxicants etc |
| ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME | unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI |
| ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA | It is a fatal disease characterized by an accumulation of abnormal white blood cells in the blood & bone marrow, resulting in anemia, infection, & hemorrhage |
| ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | Heart Attack. caused when a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart. This causes an inadequate flow of oxygenated and nutrient-enriched blood and results in the death of a portion of the heart muscle. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes; pain spreading to the shoulders, neck or arms; and chest discomfort with lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath. As many as 1.1 million Americans suffer heart attacks each year. Of these, about one-third will die, making heart attack the number one killer of men and women in the United States. About 650,000 of these cases are first attacks while 450,000 are recurrent attacks. |
| ACYCLIC DIENE METATHESIS POLYMN. | n CH2=CH-(CH2)m-CH=CH2 = [=CH-(CH2)m-CH=]n+ n Ethylene |
| ADCS (See Abbrev.) | a consortium of clinical investigators and academics chartered by the National Institute on Aging, to conduct and fund clinical trials for promising new AD therapies |
| ADDISON'S DISEASE | Pathology resulting from Adrenal Insufficiency & characterized by general weakness, loss of appetite, GI disturbances & weight loss |
| ADDITION POLYMER | A polymer formed by direct addition of the monomer molecules with one another. An example is the formation of polystyrene by the stepwise combination of styrene monomer |
| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE | molecule that is the main energy carrier inside cells. Its terminal (or end) phosphate groups are highly reactive and critical to a number of important cellular processes |
| ADENOVIRUS | A naked, icosahedral virus that contains double-stranded DNA. Adenoviruses infect mammals, often leading to respiratory infections; some are oncogenic |
| ADHESIN (Protein) | To initiate infection bacterial pathogens must first be able to colonize an appropriate target tissue of the host. For many pathogens this tissue is located at a mucosal surface. Colonization begins with the attachment of the bacterium to receptors expressed by cells forming the lining of the mucosa. Attachment is mediated via proteins on the bacterium that bind specifically to cellular receptors. These proteins, or adhesins, are expressed either directly on the surface of the bacterium, or more typically, as components of elongated rod-like protein structures called pili, fimbriae or fibrillae |
| ADHESION | The state in which 2 surfaces are held together by interfacial forces, which may consist of valence forces or interlocking action, or both |
| ADHESIVE | Any substance, inorganic, organic, natural or synthetic, that is capable of bonding other substances together by surface attachment |
| ADIABATIC | A process, condition, or operation during which there is no gain or loss of heat from the environment |
| ADSORBENT | A substance which has the ability to condense or hold molecules of other substances on its surface |
| ADSORPTION INDICATOR | A substance used in analytical chemistry to detect the presence of a slight excess of another substance or ion in soln as the result of a color produced by adsorption of the indicator on a ppcc present in the soln. Thus a ppcc of AgCl will turn red in a soln contg even a minute excess of Ag ion (Ag nitrate soln), if fluorescein is present. In this example fluorescein is the adsorption indicator |
| AERATE | To impregnate or saturate a material (usually a liquid) with air, or some similar gas. This is usually achieved by bubbling the air through the liquid or by spraying the liquid into air |
| AEROGEL | Dispersion of a gas in a solid or liquid. The reverse of an aerosol; flexible & rigid plastic foams are examples |
| AEROSOL | A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas |
| AEROZINE | 50:50 mixt. of hydrazine & uns-dimethylhydrazine; one of most used of bipropellant rocket fuels |
| AFFINITY MEDIA | substrate used for the capture of proteins through specific binding interactions |
| AFLATOXIN | A polynuclear substance (C17H10O6) derived from molds; a known carcinogen. Produced by a fungus occurring on many vegetables, especia lly those with high moisture content. It is highly toxic |
| AGE ASSOCIATED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT | AAMI is a recognized syndrome relating to memory changes associated with normal aging. AAMI is a common condition in individuals over 50 years of age. In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 40% of people aged 65 and above, or 16 million, have AAMI. It is characterized by gradual memory impairment (subjective memory decline and objective memory loss) with the absence of dementia. Individuals with AAMI have been shown to have a three-fold greater risk for development of dementia than individuals who do not meet AAMI criteria. |
| AGGLUTINATION | The combination or aggregation of particles of matter under the influence of a specific protein. The term is usually restricted to antigen-Ab reactions characterized by a clumping together of visible cells, such as bacteria or erythrocytes. The antigen is called an agglutinogen & Ab an agglutinin, because of an apparent gluing or sticking action |
| AGLUCONE | The nonsugar-like portion of glucoside molecule |
| AGLUCONE | The nonsugar-like portion of a glucoside molecule. See glycoside |
| AGLYCONE | A nonsugar hydrolytic prodt of a glycoside. See glycoside |
| AIDS KAPOSI SARCOMA | A malignant tumor of blood vessels in persons with AIDS |
| AIRWAY BYPASS | People with emphysema have air trapped in their lungs and so cannot breathe effectively. As the disease progresses, physical activities become increasingly limited and difficult. The goal of the investigational airway bypass procedure is to create new pathways in the lungs for this trapped air to escape. By decreasing the amount of air trapped in the lungs the treatment could enable an increase in breathing muscle strength, leading to less shortness of breath, and better pulmonary function and quality of life. |
| ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE | An enzyme found in animal & plant tissue which acts upon EtOH & other alc prodg acetaldehyde & other aldehydes |
| ALCOHOLYSIS | Chemical reaction between an alc. & another organic compd, analogous to hydrolysis |
| ALDOLASE | An enzyme present in muscle involved in glycogenolysis & anaerobic glycolysis. It catalyzes production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate & phosphoglyceric aldehyde from fructose 1,6-diphosphate |
| ALDOSE | Any of a group of sugars whose mole. contains an aldehyde group & one or more alc. groups |
| ALGAE | Chlorophyll-bearing organisms occurring in both salt & fresh water; they have no flowers or seeds, but reproduce by unicellular spores. They range in size from single cells to giant kelp over 100 ft long, & include most kinds of seaweed. There are 4 kinds of algae: brown, red, green & blue-green. Their photosynthetic activity accounts for the fact that over 2/3 of the world total of photosynthesis takes place in oceans.Algae are harvested & used as food supplements (see carrageenan & agar), soil conditioners, animal feeds, & as source of iodine; they also contain numerous minerals, vitamins, proteins, lipids, & essential aminoacids. Alginic acid is another important deriv.Blue-green algae are water contaminants & are toxic to fish & other aquatic life.P compds in detergent wastes stimulate the growth of algae to such an extent that overpopulation at the water surface prevents light from reaching many of the plants; these decompose, removing O & releasing CO2, thus making the water unsuitable for fish. Algae are being used in treat. of sewage & plant effluent in a proprietary flocculation process |
| ALGICIDE | Chemical agent added to water to destroy algae |
| ALGIN | A hydrophilic polysaccharide (phycocolloid or hydrocolloid) found in brown algae. It is similar to agar. The seaweed (giant kelp) is sea-harvested, water-extracted & refined |
| ALKALI CELLULOSE | The prodt formed by steeping wood pulp with NaOH, the first step in the mfg of viscose rayon & other cellulose deriv. |
| ALKALOID | A basic nitrogenous organic compd of vegetable origin. Usually derived from the N ring compds.: pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrrole; designating by the ending -ine. Though some are liquids, they are usually colorless, crystalline solids, having a bitter taste, which combine with acids without elimination of water. They are soluble in alc., insoluble in water |
| ALKYD RESIN | Poly(Ester) derived from polyols, polybasic acid & modified by drying triglyceride oils |
| ALKYLATE | IS A LIQUID made up of C7 to C9 alkanes such as trimethylpentanes and dimethylhexanes |
| ALLELE | A specific form of a gene; one of several possible mutational forms of a gene |
| ALLERGEN | Any substance that acts in the manner of an antigen on coming into contact with body tissues by inhalation, ingestion or skin adsorption. The allergen causes a specific reagin to be formed in the bloodstream; the ability to produce reagins in response to a given allergen is an inherited characteristic that differentiates an allergic from a non-allergic person. A reagin is actually an Ab. The specificity of the allergen-reagin reaction & its dependence on molecular configuration is similar to the antigen-Ab reaction. The allergen molecule (often a protein such as pollen or wool) may be regarded as a key which precisely fits the corresponding structural shape of the reagin molecule. Allergies in the form of contact dermatitis can result from exposure to a wide range of plant prodts, some metals, & a few organic chemicals. Though they are alike in some ways, antigen-Ab reactions protect the individual, whereas allergen-reagin reactions are harmful |
| ALLERGIC RHINITIS | Inflammation of the Mucous Membrane of the Nose |
| ALLOGRAFT | Transplant from one individual to a genetically dissimilar individual of same species |
| ALLOTROPY | The existence of a substance in > 2 forms, which are different in physical & chemical properties. The difference between the forms involves either (1) crystal structure; (2) the number of atoms in the molecule of a gas or (3) the molecular structure of a liquid. Carbon is a common example of (1), occurring in several crystal forms (diamond, C black, graphite). Diatomic oxygen & O3 are instances of (2) & liquid S & helium of (3). Uranium has 3 crystalline forms, Mn 4 & plutonium no less than 6. Also "Polymorphism" |
| ALLYL RESIN | Special class of polyester resin derived from esters of allyl alc. & dibasic acids. Common monomers are allyl diglycol carbonate, also known as diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), diallyl chlorendate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, & diallyl maleate. Polymn occurs through the unsatd allyl double bond to form thermosetting resins which are highly resistant to chemicals, moisture, abrasion & heat. They have low shrinkage & good electrical resistivity |
| ALOPECIA | Hair Loss |
| ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE | An enzyme which removes the last 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucose residue from the nonreducing end of a long chain (or polymer) of such residues, making an alpha-D-glucose molecule out of it in the process |
| ALPHA SYNUCLEIN | Protein related to Parkinson`s disease & contained in Lewy bodies |
| ALUMINA. ACTIVATED | A highly porous, granular form of Al oxide having preferential adsorptive capacity for moisture & odor contained in gases & some liquids. When saturated, it can be regenerated by heat (350-600F). The cycle of adsorption & reactivation can be repeated many times |
| AMALGAM | Alloy of Hg with any of a number of metals |
| AMBER | A polymerized fossil resin derived from an extinct variety of pine. Readily accumulates static electrical charge by friction; good electrical insulator |
| AMBOMYCIN | An antibiotic produced by "Streptomyces ambofaciens" |
| AMBRETTOLIDE | Omega-6-hexadecenlactone. C16H28O2. Colorless liquid, having powerful musk-like odor. Found in ambrette-seed oil. Uses: Flavoring; perfume fixative |
| AMIBEN | Generic name for 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid. Herbicide or plant growth regulator |
| AMIDASE | activity in the removal of arginine, phenylalanine or methionine from the N-terminal end of peptides in peptide or peptidomimetic synthesis. |
| AMINIMIDE | Any of a group of N compds derived by reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine with an epoxide in the presence of an ester of a carboxylic acid |
| AMINOTRANSFERASE. | Enzyme catalyzes following reaction: L-AminoAcid+KetoGlutaric Acid = L-Glutamic Acid+KetoAcid corresponding to L-AminoAcid. |
| AMPHIPHILIC DIBLOCK COPOLYMER | Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic DiBlock CoPolymer |
| AMPHOLYTE | A substance that can ionize to form either anions or cations & thus may act either as an acid or base |
| AMPHOTERIC | Having the capacity of behaving either as an acid or base |
| AMYLASE | Enzyme which converts starch into sugars |
| AMYLIN | Islet amyloid polypeptide , which is tied in with diabetes.Amylin is a hormone that may moderate glucose metabolism. It is normally secreted along with insulin by pancreatic islet beta-cells. But deposits formed from fibrils of this amyloid peptide can be found in the islet cells of patients with type 2 diabetes. |
| AMYLOID FIBRILS | Some scientific ideas face a difficult and protracted fight to be accepted. But if their creators are stubborn and persistent, these hypotheses may survive long enough to be refined and further evaluated as additional information accumulates. One such thesis concerns the identity of the toxic agent in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and other degenerative age-related diseases. For years, most researchers have backed the notion that clumps of long amyloid fibrils located in the brain and other organs are responsible for killing neurons and other cells in patients who have these conditions. |
| AMYLOID OLIGOMER | It has taken a while, but the hypothesis that a precursor of the insoluble amyloid fibril may be the more dangerous entity is now gaining ground. And some researchers further believe that the smaller, soluble precursor, which is often called an amyloid oligomer or protofibril, may do its damage by creating holes--pores or ion channels--in cellular membranes |
| AMYLOID PLAQUES | One such thesis concerns the identity of the toxic agent in Alzheimer's disease. For years, most researchers have backed the notion that clumps of long amyloid fibrils located in the brain and other organs are responsible for killing neurons and other cells in patients who have Alzheimer's condition. In Alzheimer's, these clumps are termed amyloid plaques and consist primarily of the polypeptide amyloid beta protein |
| AMYLOPECTIN | The outer, almost insoluble portion of starch granules. It is a hexosan, a polymer of glucose, & is a branched molecule of many glucose units. It stains violet with iodine & forms a paste with water |
| AMYLOPSIN | The starch-digesting enzyme of pancreatic juice, the most powerful enzyme of the digestive tract. It is an amylase which converts starches through the soluble-starch stage to various dextrins & maltose. It acts in neutral, slightly acid & alkaline environments with an optimum pH 6.3-7.2. It requires the presence of certain negative ions for activation |
| ANABOLISM | 1. The phase of intermediary metabolism that encompasses the biosynthe tic & energy-requiring reactions whereby cell comp are produced 2. The cellular assimilation of macromolecules & complex substances from low MW precursors |
| ANAMMOX BACTERIA | Anaerobically oxidize ammonia to dinitrogen |
| ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA | is the medical term for male pattern baldness. This type of hair loss affects 1 out of every 4 men before the age of 30. The hair loss usually starts with a receding hairline and eventually the top of the head becomes bald |
| ANEMIA | A condition in which the number of red blood cells, the volume of red blood cells, or the hemoglobin content of the blood are below normal levels |
| ANEMIA OF CANCER | Anemia in Cancer Patients NOT undergoing ChemoTherapy |
| ANEMIA OF INFLAMMATION | A blood iron deficiency associated with too much hepcidin |
| ANEURYSM | permanent, abnormal blood-filled dilatation or ballooning of a blood vessel that may be congenital or the result of disease. Aneurysms typically have thin walls vulnerable to rupture. If an aneurysm ruptures, the resulting hemorrhage that can put injurious pressure on surrounding tissue, impair downstream blood flow, and even cause death |
| ANGIOGENESIS | The growth of new blood vasculature; that is associated with cancer but can also be induced for treat. of CV disease |
| ANGIOGRAM | a diagnostic x-ray procedure performed to visualize blood vessels following introduction of contrast material into an artery, via a catheter. |
| ANGIOGRAPHY | an x-ray examination of the blood vessels following the injection of contrast material; used as a diagnostic tool in conditions such as a heart attack or stroke. The x-ray that is produced is called an angiogram. |
| ANGIOMYOGENESIS (Cardiology) | begins with a small skeletal muscle biopsy taken from the patient 2 weeks before surgery. Using a specialized technology process, these cells are multiplied and genetically treated with Co.'s proprietary gene, to increase their angiogenic potential. These cells are then implanted into the same patient in the infarcted area of the heart - an autologous graft (a graft occurring within the same body). The presence of these muscle cells greatly increases the heart's cardiac function, while the angiogenic activity allows better oxygen and nutrient supply to the grafted area, thereby increasing the beneficial effects of the implanted cells. |
| ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS | chronic, progressive and debilitating inflammatory disease that causes painful stiffening of the spine and eventually leads to fusion of the vertebrae, often leaving the back curved and inflexible. It typically develops when patients are in their most productive years -- between the ages of 20 and 40 years old -- and is, therefore, associated with significant lost days of work and early retirement as well as hospitalization and other treatment costs. |
| ANOREXIA | a prolonged disorder of eating due to loss of appetite. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases. |
| ANTAGOMIR | Short Single Strands of Modified RNA Conjugated to Cholesterol Antagomirs Inhibit MicroRNA MicroRNA are involved in diseases such as Hepatitis C; Cancer & Diabetes |
| ANTI-MARKOVNIKOV REACTION | A nucleophilic group, such as an alcohol or amine, adds to the less substituted of the 2 double-bonded carbons in an alkene |
| ANTIBIOTIC INDUCED COLLITIS (DIARRHEA) | Caused by a toxin of the bacteria "Clostridium difficile". Certain antibiotics in some patients wipe out many bacterial species that live in the human gut. This can pave the way for overgrowth of "C. difficile", which normally can't compete. The C-terminal third of the toxin chain binds to oligosaccharides on human gut cell surfaces. The N-terminal third exert the toxic effect of damage to gut cells, making them unable to control fluid inflow & outflow & accumulationof deposits& blood, mucus & other fluid |
| ANTIBIOTICS | Compound produced by a microorganism or a plant, or a close chemical derivative of such a compound, that is toxic to microorganisms from a number of other species |
| ANTIBODY | A glycoprotein of the globulin type that is formed in an animal organism in response to the administration of an antigen & that is capable of combining specifically with that antigen |
| ANTICHOLINERGIC | 1. Impeding the impulses of cholinergic, esp. parasympathetic, nerve fibers. 2. An agent that blocks parasympathetic nerve impulses.The side effects, which include dry mouth and blurred vision, are seen in phenothiazine and tricyclic antidepressant drug therapy. SYN: parasympatholytic |
| ANTIGEN | A substance, frquently a protein, that can stimulate an animal organism to produce antibodies & that can combine specifically with the antibodies thus produced; called also complete antigen as distinct from a hapten |
| ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE | compound about 20 nucleotides long that is designed to complement an mRNA segment in a specific manner. Binding of the antisense molecule to mRNA prevents translation of the mRNA into protein and thus inhibits expression of the gene from which the mRNA was transcribed. |
| ANTISEPSIS | Substantial reduction of microbial content |
| AORTOILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE | complete or partial blocking of the lower part of the aorta as it enters the leg, at the level of the groin. The aorta is the major artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. |
| APOPTOSIS | Programmed Tissue Cell Death |
| APTAMERS | Aptamers are chemically synthesized short strands of RNA (oligonucleotides) that adopt highly specific three-dimensional conformations. Over 10,000,000,000,000,000 different aptamers can be synthesized in a test tube using the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands of Exponential enrichment) process. SELEX is a combinatorial chemistry methodology in which vast numbers of oligonucleotides are screened rapidly for specific sequences that have appropriate binding affinities and specificities toward any target. Thus, novel molecules are created that can either mimic or prevent specific molecules from binding to their receptors much like antibody. |
| AQUARESIS | excretion of electrolyte-free water |
| ARCHAEBACTERIA | A class of unusual bacteria that, phylogenetically, are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes. They have some characteristics of prokaryotes (such as absence of nucleus & cell organelles), some characteristics of eukaryotes (such as initiation of protein synthesis with methionine & ribosome insensitivity to chloramphenicol), & some characteristics that are unique to them (such as compn of the cell wall & the types of membrane lipids). Accordingly the archaebacteria are believed to represent a third primary kingdom such that 3 lines of descent lead from a common ancestor (progenote) to archaebacteria, prokaryotes & eukaryotes, resp. Archaebacteriainclude thermoacidophiles, extreme halophiles, & methanogens & may represent some of the earliest forms of living cells |
| ARCUATE NUCLEUS | Region of base of hypothalamus (brain) known to play a key role in obesity regulation |
| ARTERIOGRAPHY | angiography of the arteries |
| ARTERY | blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the organs and tissues throughout the body; walls consist of smooth muscle |
| ASCITES | is the presence of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity and usually develops during decompensation of chronic liver disease. Depletion of intravascular fluid volume is one of the major factors causing the symptoms of refractory ascites |
| ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE. | Enzyme catalyzes following reaction: L-Aspartic Acid+KetoGlutaric Acid = L-Gluta mic Acid+OxalAcetic Acid. |
| ATHERECTOMY | involves using a catheter having a mechanical cutting tip or a laser to cut (or ablate) a passage through the blockage. |
| ATHEROSCLEROSIS | A disease of the arteries, characterized by a gradual accumulation of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, collagen, elastic fibers, & proteoglycans in the arterial wall. Cholesterol & their esters are major comp. of atherosclerotic lesions (plaques). An increased level of plasma cholesterol & an increase in the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein (LDL) are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. A primary cause of atherosclerosis appears to be a deficiency of LDL membrane receptors. As a result, LDL particles are not removed efficiently from the blood &, therefore, have increased chance of invading the lining of the arteries & participating in plaque formation |
| ATOM ECONOMY (Green Chemistry) | one of the key principles of green chemistry, is one of the primary metrics that chemists and chemical engineers can use to guide their work. Introduced by Stanford University chemistry professor Barry M. Trost in 1991, the concept holds that synthetic methods should be designed for maximum incorporation of all reagents into the final product. In other words, atom economy tracks how much of what is put into a pot ends up in the product. Selectivity is an important component of atom economy. Ideal atom economy would be 100%: No protecting groups would be used and no by-products would be generated. Thus elimination and substitution reactions are less green and should be either reworked or replaced in favor of rearrangements, additions, or other concerted reactions. Trost recently reiterated the concept of atom economy and the high impact it can have in chemical synthesis [Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 695 (2002)]. |
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | a condition prevalent in the elderly that is characterized by irregular contractions of the cardiac atria, can cause clot-induced strokes. |
| ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT | The heart is divided into four separate chambers. The upper chambers, or atria, are divided by a wall called the atrial septum. An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in that septum. Atrial septal defects are one of the most common heart defects, and are caused by incomplete growth of the septal wall during fetal development. When an atrial septal defect is present, blood flows through the hole, usually from the left atrium to the right atrium. This increases the blood volume in the right atrium, which causes more blood to be pumped to the lungs. This short circuit of blood flow is inefficient for providing circulation to the body |
| ATROPOISOMERISM | The chirality caused by the inability of molecular groups to rotate freely about single bonds |
| ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE (FTIR SPECTROSCOPY) | in which an IR beam is reflected from the surfaces of an ATR crystal as the beam propagates along the length of the crystal. The IR spectrum of a thin sample--for example, a solid film or a thin layer of liquid--in contact with the crystal can be probed with this method because as the light bounces off the crystal surfaces, it penetrates the film slightly. |
| AUTISM | brain disorder that begins in early childhood and persists throughout adulthood; affects three crucial areas of development: communication, social interaction, and creative or imaginative play |
| AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS | also referred to as chronic active hepatitis, a disease which causes a person's body to reject its own liver |
| AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT | It is a form of treatment for certain types of cancer like lynphomas, leukemia & multiple myeloma & consists of following steps (a) Patient receives a stimulant that increa ses the number of stem cells circulating in blood (b) Patient enters into a kidney dialysis-li ke machine, which filters the blood & re moves the reproductive cells, that are renewable in human body (c) The cells are kept in refrigerator (d) Patient is subjected to chemotherapy, ge nerally 30 times more intense as usual, to kill patient's diseased bone marrow (e) The refrigerator kept cells are returned to patient's blood, & with circulation forming new healthy bone marrow |
| AUTOMOBILE CATALYTIC CONVERTER (Pt) | Carmakers often purchase Pt hand them over to catalyst companies, which formulate them with mixed-metal oxides and other materials to create a washcoat. This washcoat is sprayed onto a bricklike ceramic substrate. Another manufacturer then crams this brick into a metal canister, making a catalytic converter that is attached to the exhaust system |
| AZETIDIN | Cyclobutane ring in which one CH2 substituted by NH |
| BACE1 (See Abbrev.) (AD) | See Beta Secretase |
| BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS | What is Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)? BV is the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age.20 Although the exact cause of BV is not known, BV occurs when the natural balance of organisms in the vagina changes, allowing for potentially harmful bacteria to grow. BV may be associated with serious health problems including pelvic inflammatory disease, post-surgical infections and abnormal Pap smears. That is why it's important to treat BV as effectively as possible. |
| BACTERIOPHAGE | A virus that infects bacteria & multiplies in them. Aka bacterial virus; phage |
| BALZ SCHIEMANN REACTION | Regiospecific introduction of fluorine into aromatic compds via diazonium salts |
| BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS | Precancerous Condition caused by Acid Reflux Stress-Triggered & which may lead to Esophageal Cancer |
| BARTON MCCOMBIE DEOXYGENATION | Alcohol is converted to a xanthate ester (-O-CS-SR), enabling replacement of the -OH with a H atom via a radical process with OrganoTin Hydride as H Source |
| BATTEN DISEASE | inherited neurological degenerative disorder |
| BECHTEREW S DISEASE | Arthritis and osteitis deformans involving the spinal column; marked by nodular deposits at the edges of the intervertebral disks with ossification of the ligaments and bony ankylosis of the intervertebral articulations, it results in a rounded kyphosis with rigidity. |
| BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | is the result of one or more point mutations in the same gene. (Hoffman, et al., N. Engl. J. Med., Vol. 318, pgs. 1363-1368 (1988)). |
| BERGMAN CYCLOAROMATIZATION REACTION | Enediyne cyclization forming benzene via highly reactive 1,4-benzenoid diradical intermediate |
| BESYLIC ACID | BenzeneSulfonic Acid (Ph-SO3H) |
| BETA SECRETASE (AD) | Also known as beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme or BACE1 - initiates APP proteolysis. Much like a miniature shaver, BACE1 lops off part of the APP molecule on the outside of the membrane |
| BH4 DEFICIENCY | BH4 deficiency is a very rare inborn error of metabolism, and is estimated to account for 1-2 % of cases of HPA. BH4 deficiency is an autosomal recessive genetic condition and can result from deficiencies of any of the five different enzymes involved in BH4 synthesis and regeneration. BH4 is a necessary co-factor for PAH. Therefore, BH4 deficiency impairs PAH activity leading to a biochemical situation similar to PKU, with HPA resulting from deficient conversion of Phe to tyrosine. In addition, since BH4 is also a necessary co-factor for both tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, BH4 deficiency causes deficiencies in the downstream neurotransmitter products of these amino acids including catecholamines and serotonin. Dietary limitation of whole protein or Phe intake is often not necessary with BH4 treatment. However, since BH4 does not cross the blood brain barrier, concomitant therapy with neurotransmitter precursors, i. e. levodopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan, may be necessary to boost central nervous system substrate levels for catecholamine and serotonin synthesis, respectively |
| BIFUNCTIONAL CHELANT (Medicine) | a molecule that has, in addition to chelating functionality, the ability to be conjugated (linked) to a biotargeting molecule (e.g. monoclonal antibody). |
| BIGINELLI REACTION | An Aldehyde, a 1,3-KetoEster, & a Urea or ThioUrea React in One Pot to form PolyFuncti onalized DIHYDROPYRIMIDINES, many of which are bioactive |
| BILE | The secretion of the liver that aids in the digestion of fats by emulsifying them & that serves to excrete bile pigments, heavy metals & other waste prodts of metabolism |
| BILE ACID | A 24-C steroid that occurs in the bile in the formn of bile salt. Cholic acid & cheno deoxycholic acid are sometimes referred to as primary bile acids; they may be hydroxylated by bacteria in the digestive tract to yield the sec. bile acids, deoxy cholic acid & lithocholic acid resp. |
| BILOBALIDE | purified terpene lactone component of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. |
| BIODIESEL | Fatty Acid Alkyl (Et or Me) Ester |
| BIOEQUIVALENCE (Pharma.) | is the Food & Drug Administration requirement that the active ingredient of a generic drug be absorbed into the body and metabolized in approximately the same amount over approximately the same period as the active ingredient of the innovator drug. Bio-equivalence is demonstrated in two ways. Dissolution testing determines if the generic drug product dissolves in approximately the same amount of time as the innovator product. Blood-level testing is done by giving the generic drug product to humans and measuring how much of the drug enters the bloodstream, how fast it does so, and how long it takes to leave the body. |
| BIOFOULING | The spontaneous & unwanted adsorption of proteins, cells & bacteria on surfaces |
| BIOGAS | Biomass derived gas mainly composed of CO & H2 (fuel) |
| BIOINFORMATICS | Expression used to designate all informatic tools to SYSTEMATIZE & transform in USEFUL information the vast amount of data & knowledge in LIFE SCIENCES |
| BIOLOGICAL FORCE MICROSCOPY | live cells are attached to a small bead at the end of an atomic force microscope tip. The technique allows force measurements at sub-nanonewton resolution |
| BIOMARKER | Valid biomarker. A biomarker that is measured in an analytical test system with well-established performance characteristics and for which there is an established framework or body of evidence that elucidates the physiological, toxicological, pharmacological or clinical significance of the test results. (This definition does not fully describe the situation in drug development, in which data are often rapidly evolving and where some data might be proprietary and in single hands.) Known valid biomarker. A biomarker that is measured in an analytical test system with well-established performance characteristics, and for which there is widespread agreement in the medical or scientific community about the physiological, toxicological, pharmacological or clinical significance of the results. Probable valid biomarker. A biomarker that is measured in an analytical test system with well-established performance characteristics, and for which there is a scientific framework or body of evidence that seems to elucidate the physiological, toxicological, pharmacological or clinical significance of the test results |
| BIOMASS | Agricultural Waste |
| BIOMIMETICS | takes engineering principles from the natural world and applies them to man-made materials and technologies. |
| BIOTARGETED RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS | radioimmunotherapy |
| BIPOLAR MANIA (Mental Disorder) | While everyone experiences changes in mood as part of everyday life, people who suffer from bipolar disorder have mood swings that may be so severe that they interfere with the ability to function normally at work, at school, and in relationships with family and friends. Some people may experience only a few mood swings, separated by long periods of normal mood, while others may have rapid and severe mood swings that occur frequently. During the manic phase of the disorder, people may experience feelings of euphoria, extreme optimism, and inflated self-esteem. Other common symptoms include rapid speech, racing thoughts, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and increased energy or activity. During manic episodes, people may do things that they later feel were mistakes—such as going on spending sprees, taking unnecessary risks, or rushing into big decisions. During the depressive phase of the illness, people may have feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, or hopelessness. It is common to experience changes in eating and sleeping patterns or to lose interest in activities that one normally enjoys. Some people may even find themselves thinking about suicide. It is possible to experience symptoms of both the manic phase (irritable, argumentative) and depressive phase (hopeless and sad) at the same time. This is known as mixed mania. Although most people with manic-depressive disorder spend considerable periods of time in a relatively normal mood, some individuals switch quickly between mania and depression—a less common condition known as rapid cycling. In addition, some people may experience some psychotic symptoms, such as paranoia or the belief that they have special powers. Bipolar disorder is a persistent or chronic (long-lasting) medical condition, just as diabetes and high blood pressure are. Bipolar disorder is not the result of a character flaw or something the person did, and having it is not a sign of personal weakness or a lack of willpower. Scientists do not know exactly what causes bipolar disorder, but they believe that the symptoms may be activated by a chemical imbalance in the brain. We do know that bipolar disorder can affect anyone, regardless of race, sex, education, occupation, or income. The disorder can appear at any age, although it frequently occurs for the first time in early adulthood. Bipolar disorder can run in families, but genetics does not completely explain who gets it and who does not. |
| BLAST CELL | A cell with a poorly differentiated, but RNA-rich cytoplasm that actively synthesizes DNA |
| BLOCK COPOLYMER | Is made from > 2 monomers with all monomers of each type grouped together. A diblock copolymer, for example could have the structure AAAABBBB. Usually the blocks have incompatible solubility characteristics, which lead to materials having interesting physical & chemical properties |
| BLOOD CLOT | the conversion of blood from a liquid form to a solid form through the process of coagulation |
| BLOOD PLASMA | source of numerous proteins used for drug development and therapeutic purposes. These proteins include albumin, clotting factors, and intravenous immunoglobulin |
| BLOOD VESSEL | any tube in the body through which blood flows; an artery, vein, or capillary |
| BNCT | Is a two-part therapy in which patients are first given a nontoxic compd. contg (10)Boron that will be picked up selectively by cancer cells or other targeted cells. Then the target is irradiated with a beam of neutrons, which pass harmlessly through most tissue. When the neutrons encounter the (10)B nuclei, however, they are absorbed (or captured), causing a fission reaction that creates two high-energy cations, (4)He 2+ (alpha particle) & (7)Li 3+. Energy released by fission of the (10)B nucleus propels these high-energy particles outward, but only for a distance of about one cell diam. As they move, they severely damage whatever they encounter. About a billion (10)B nuclei, uniformly distributed within a cell, provide a sufficient number of targets to damage the cell severely enough to be sure of killing it |
| BONE METASTASIS | Non-Bone Primary Tumor Metastasized to Bone |
| BORATABENZENE | Benzene where ono or more "CH" groups are substituted by boron |
| BORIRENE | CycloPropene; where -CH2- is replaced by -BH- (HeteroAromatics) |
| BOUDOUARD REACTION | 2CO in presence of Fe = Fe carbide + CO2 |
| BOURGEONAL | Benzene-1-(Tert.-Bu)-4-(CH2)2-CHO |
| BRACHYTHERAPY | A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy |
| BRADYKININ | See Kinin |
| BRANDED GENERICS. (Pharma.) | See SUPERGENERICS |
| BrC16-PACLITAXEL | Paclitaxel attached to a 16 carbon-long, straight, saturated, alpha-carbon bromylated acyl chain |
| BRONCHIECTASIS | lung disease that results in the distortion of one or more of the conducting bronchi or airways, most often secondary to an infectious process. |
| BRONCHOSCOPY | procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted through the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the trachea and bronchi |
| BRONCHOSPASM | the sudden tightening of the airways usually caused by an allergen or asthma trigger |
| BRONSTED-EVANS-POLANYI RULE | Chemists studying reaction kinetics commonly invoke a simplifying assumption, which states that, for a given chemical reaction, the activation energy and reaction energy are related linearly. The Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi rule provides a direct way to relate changes in activation energy to changes in bonding characteristics, such as bond strength |
| BROWNFIELD | Abandoned industrial site |
| BUCHWALD HARTWIG COUPLING REACTION | - Ar Halide+Amine = Ar Amine - Ar Halide+Phenol = Ar Ether Catalyst: Pd/Ligand System (Homogeneous Cata lysis) |
| BULK MODULUS | InCompressibility |
| BURULI ULCER | Skin Disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans which secretes Mycolactone Toxin; occurring in Africa & Australia |
| CACHEXIA | The malnutrition & wasting of bodily tissue that is produced by chronic diseases, such as the drain on host nutrients produced by the proliferation of cancer cells |
| CAFFEOYL-CoA-3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE. | The enzyme caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase, called CCoAMT below, catalyses the methylation of caffeoyl-CoA in a biosynthesis route, which has only recently been described, which leads from trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA to trans-feruloyl-CoA (Matern, U., and Kneusel, R. E. 1988, Phytoparasitica 16:153-170; Kneusel, R. E., Matern, U., and Nicolay, K. 1989, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269:455 to 462; and Pakusch, A. -E., Kneusel, R. E., and Matern, U., 1989, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 271:488 to 494). Under fungal attack, plants reinforce their cell wall very rapidly by incorporation of cinnamic acids, followed by cross-linking thereof to give polymeric structures or build-up of lignin. Under these conditions, feruloyl-CoA is the preferred acyl donor both for the esterification of cell wall polysaccharides and for lignification (reduction to coniferyl alcohol). The speed and extent of the change in the cell wall essentially determine the course of the infection and the fate of the plants, "hypersensitive reaction" characterising complete resistance of the plants, associated with a particularly severe and rapid change in the cell wall and the death of the cells directly affected. This hypersensitive reaction is also observed in the resistance reaction of plants to virus infections. It has only recently been discovered that feruloyl-CoA is not formed in vivo in all cases by activation of ferulic acid, but is also formed by reaction of coumaroyl-CoA. The caffeoyl-CoA-specific methyl-transferase which participates in this reaction has scarcely any homology with previously known enzymes (Pakusch, A. -E., Matern, U., and Schiltz, E., 1991, Plant Physiol. 95:137 to 143), is taxonomically widespread in plants and can be induced therein by, for example, fungal attack. |
| CALPAIN | Calcium-Activated Neutral Proteases |
| CANCER CACHEXIA | Cancer Induced Muscle Loss |
| CAPNOGRAPHY | monitoring of the concentration of exhaled carbon dioxide in order to assess the physiologic status of patients with acute respiratory problems or who are receiving mechanical ventilation and to determine the adequacy of ventilation in anesthetized patients. Capnography is an indirect monitor of carbon dioxide concentrations in a patient s blood. During anaesthesia, there is interplay between two components: the patient and the anaesthesia administration device which is usually a circuit and a ventilator. The critical connection between the two components is either an endotracheal tube or a mask, and CO2 is typically monitored at this junction. Capnography directly reflects the elimination of CO2 by the lungs to the anaesthesia device. Indirectly |
| CAPSID | The protein coat or shell of a virus particle |
| CARBAMOYLASE | Enzyme that converts carbamoylaminoacids into aminoacids |
| CARBON DIOXIDE SINK | Entities that remove excess CO2 from the atmosphere, such as new fast-growing forest plantations or cropping practices that incorporate carbon into the soil |
| CARBON NANOTUBE | First discovered in 1991, nanotubes are cylindrical fullerenes & have diam of only a few nm & lengths (presently: 01.01) of up to a mm |
| CARBON REFINERY | This would be a large facility that could use coal, natural gas, biomass, or petroleum to produce a variety of fuels and chemicals as well as export electricity--and it would capture the CO2 it emits and place it in geologic formations or on the ocean floor, he said. Over time, as hydrogen-consuming fuel cells begin to be used on a large scale, a greater portion of the carbon refinery products would be hydrogen |
| CARBONIC ANHYDRASE | catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid. |
| CARCINOID CANCER | or carcinoids, originate in hormone-producing cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the respiratory tract, the hepatobiliary (liver) system and the reproductive glands. The most common site of origin is the GI tract, with tumors often developing in the rectum, and other sections of the small intestine |
| CARDANOL | CNSL is a by-product of processing cashew nuts in places like Brazil, India, and Vietnam, as well as in Africa. The liquid is mostly anacardic acid, which is used as an antiseptic. When heated, it undergoes decarboxylation to yield cardanol. It is cardanol—a phenol with an unsaturated carbon chain attached—that is of interest to chemists. "You can use the unsaturation of the C15 side chain to do chemistry like you do on linseed or soybean oils, or you can do traditional phenolic chemistry," |
| CARDIAC PERFUSION IMAGING | studies are used for the detection and characterization of coronary artery disease by identifying areas of insufficient blood flow in the heart. During these tests, the heart is subjected to a period of stress to stimulate maximal blood flow. Myocardical perfusion is measured during stress and compared to perfusion at rest. Areas of relatively poor perfusion during stress as compared to rest indicate which areas of the heart may be affected by narrowed coronary arteries. |
| CARDIAC PERFUSION SCINTIGRAPHY | Cardiac perfusion imaging studies are used for the detection and characterization of coronary artery disease by identifying areas of insufficient blood flow in the heart. During these tests, the heart is subjected to a period of stress to stimulate maximal blood flow. Myocardical perfusion is measured during stress and compared to perfusion at rest. Areas of relatively poor perfusion during stress as compared to rest indicate which areas of the heart may be affected by narrowed coronary arteries. |
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE | a disease of the heart (cardio) and blood vessels (vascular) often caused by a narrowing of the blood vessels, which is often due to accumulation of plaque in the lining of the blood vessels. CVD is the leading cause of disability and death in the United States, resulting in more premature deaths than any other illness. |
| CARMUSTINE | See Abbrev.: BCNU |
| CARNALLITE | MgCl.6H2O. |
| CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE | develops when the carotid arteries located in the front of the neck become blocked or narrow. These two arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the part of the brain that controls movement, speech and sensation. If the cells in this area of the brain are depleted of oxygen, they die, which results in permanent damage or stroke. How do the Carotid Arteries Become Blocked? When plaque, made up of scar tissue, cholesterol and other fatty substances, begins to build up on the inside of the artery walls, this is called atherosclerosis or "hardening of the arteries". Not only does this buildup narrow the artery passages and slow the flow of blood to the brain, pieces of plaque and/or blood clots sometimes break away from the artery walls and become lodged in the brain's smaller arteries. This atherosclerotic process significantly increases the likelihood of stroke. Symptoms Most people with carotid artery disease (CAD) have no symptoms. Symptoms typically present themselves in the form of a transient ischemic attacks or mini strokes as they are called. During a transient ischemic attack (TIA), a person may experience temporary blindness, weakness in an arm or leg, dizziness, tingling sensations on the surface of the skin or numbness. These mini attacks (TIAs) rarely last more than 30 minutes, but people who have them are twice as likely as those who don't to have full-blown strokes. Risk Factors The risk factors for CAD are the same as those for coronary artery disease. These include smoking, diets high in fat, sedentary lifestyles, and a strong family history of heart disease or stroke. |
| CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | a surgical procedure designed to clean out material occluding an artery) done on the carotid artery (a major artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain) to restore normal blood flow through it to the brain and prevent a stroke. |
| CARTILAGE. JOINT CARTILAGE | Cartilage is a slippery and resilient tissue produced and maintained by its own specialized cells. It cushions the surfaces where two or more bones form a flexible joint. When you do even the simplest exercises or everyday activities there is tremendous pressure on your joints. Cartilage, joint fluid, and underlying bone work together like a shock absorber allowing flexible joint function. Because cartilage lacks a direct blood supply, nutrients must pass into the cartilage from surrounding tissue. These nutrients sustain cartilage cells and provide the components necessary to maintain a healthy cartilage structure. Scientists are not sure about all the factors that cause cartilage breakdown; however, they have discovered enzymes that play a role in the process. With age, injury, or over-activity, this process of breakdown can exceed the process of replacement leading to problems in the joints. These problems result in less flexibility. |
| CASCADE (CombiChem) | Series of reactions that occur spontaneously |
| CASCADE POLYMER | Dendrimer |
| CATABOLISM | 1. The phase of intermediary metabolism that encompasses the degrada tive & energy-yielding reactions whereby nutrients are metabolized 2. The cellular breakdown of complex substances & macromolecules to low MW compds |
| CATHARTIC | Very strong laxative that produces explosive, watery bowel movements |
| CATIONIC ELECTRODEPOSITION | method for applying organic coatings from an aqueous medium onto conductive substrates. In automobile manufacturing, the metal body of the vehicle serves as a cathode that attracts a layer of metal ions when immersed in a coatings solution. The metal ions create an adherent, corrosion-resistant interface between the vehicle body and the polymeric binder of the coating. Lead has been the metal of choice as a corrosion inhibitor in the past because of its superior ability. |
| CAVITATION (Solvents) | Process of bubble formation & implosion |
| CELIAC DISEASE | is a chronic intestinal disorder caused by a specific intolerance to gluten present in wheat and rye proteins leading to changes in the small intestinal mucosa and impaired absorption. Current treatment is effected by a well balanced gluten-gliadin free diet high in calories and proteins and normal in fat. This excludes cereal grains with the exception of rice and corn. Those patients with celiac disease who do not respond to the glutengliaden free diet are given glucocorticoid steroids such as hydrocortisone, prednisone or prednisolone |
| CELL CYCLE | The sequence of events between cell divisions. The cycle is conventionally divided into G0, G1, S, G2 and M phases |
| CELLULAR IMMUNITY | Immunity that is due to cell-bound antibodies, in contrast to humoral immunity Cellular immunity involves immune responses against invading microorga nisms, including fungi, parasites, intracellular viruses, cancer cells, & foreign tissues. It is responsible for such reactions as allograft rejection & delayed- type hypersensitivity & is associated with T lymphocytes |
| CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE | An immune response based on the activation of antigen-specific T cells. The cellular immune response includes activation and expansion of cytotoxic T cells that are responsible for killing infected and cancerous cells, activation and expansion of helper T cells, and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. |
| CELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION | the series of events leading from extracellular events to intracellular sequelae |
| CELLULASE | Enzyme converting cellulose into glucose |
| CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER OCCLUSION | Patients with cancer and other serious diseases often receive a central venous catheter to deliver vital therapies including chemotherapy, nutritional support, pain management, antibiotics and blood products, and to withdraw blood samples for testing. An estimated five million central venous catheters are placed in patients each year in the United States,1 and approximately 25%, or 1.25 million, become occluded by blood clots.2 Known as CO, this obstruction in a central venous catheter can impair the ability to infuse fluid through or withdraw fluid from the catheter. Because central venous catheters are primarily inserted in patients receiving life-saving medications, it is critical to restore patency (flow) in a timely manner with minimal risk to the patient. |
| CEREBRAL ANEURYSM | Cerebral aneurysms occur when there is abnormal pressure on sections of brain arteries, causing a balloon-like out-pouching of the arterial wall. As the aneurysm expands, the wall becomes thinner and the possibility of a rupture increases. If the aneurysm ruptures, this causes hemorrhaging that can lead to severe disability, coma or death. Cerebral aneurysms are present in 3% of the population, but remain asymptomatic until the day they rupture and cause a cerebral hemorrhage. Increasingly, advances in imaging technology allow doctors to detect the presence of aneurysms before they rupture, increasing the appeal of less invasive and safer preventative endovascular treatments |
| CEREBRAL PALSY | collective name given to a range of conditions caused by brain injury caused at or around the time of birth, or in the first year of an infant's life. The brain injury may be caused, for example, by trauma during delivery. It may also arise through such causes as trauma due to road traffic accidents or meningitis during the first year of life. It has been found that there is an increased risk of cerebral palsy in prematurely born babies and, as a result of the improvements in technology which enable premature babies to be kept alive from a much earlier age, the incidence of cerebral palsy in many countries is actually increasing rather than falling. |
| CERVICAL CANCER | cancer of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina). |
| CERVICAL DYSPLASIA | PreCancerous Lesion |
| CHANNEL PROTEIN | A protein that mediates passive transport across a biol. membrane by forming an aq. channel through which solutes of appropriate size & charge can diffuse |
| CHAPERONE (Protein) | class of proteins in gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the assembly of pili by mediating such assembly, but are not incorporated into the structure |
| CHECKPOINT | Internal surveillance mechanism that stops the cell cycle when there is a problem (e.g. DNA damage). |
| CHEESE | Is a concentrated dairy food made from milk. A starter culture of bacteria is first added to convert some lactose - the primary milk sugar - to lactic acid. An enzyme, commonly chymosin, is next added to coagulate casein, the major milk protein - into a soft solid, or curd, that consists of Ca caseinate & milkfat. The remaining liquid - the whey, which contains soluble proteins & lactose - is next removed to leave the fresh cheese. The curd is then stirred & heated, salt is added or the curd may be treated with brine, & the cheese is pressed into molds |
| CHEMICAL GENETICS | Other terms used interchangeably with chemical genetics include chemical genomics, chemogenomics & chemical biology. Chemical genetics, as most commonly defined, involves the use of small molecules to perturb, understand & control the cellular & physiological function of proteins. Just as geneticists use mutations to perturb cellular function, researchers can use small molecules to activate or inactivate gene products. Small molecules are used, in effect, as switches |
| CHEMICAL GENOMICS | or chemogenomics, involves screening chemical compounds against genes or gene products, such as proteins or other targets. Through this functional analysis, researchers hope to elicit gene response, tease out drug candidates, and identify and validate therapeutic targets |
| CHEMICAL RESCUE | procedure in which a small molecule boosts the bioactivity of an impaired protein |
| CHEMOBODY | "Chemobody" refers to a chemically synthesized antibody-like molecule. Chemobodies are synthetic molecules that display multiple peptide subunits that can bind simultaneously to complementary structures |
| CHEMOBRAIN (OR CHEMOFOG) | - Oncology>ChemoTherapy>Memory Loss & Atten tion Problems - Web-Site http://pubs.acs.org/isubscribe/journals/cen/83/i37/html/8337sci1.html |
| CHEMOKINESIS | The random migration of cells, brought about by a specific substance (CHEMOKINE), in the absence of a concn. gradient |
| CHEMOTAXIS | A taxis in which the stimulus is a chemical compd & cells or organisms move along a concn gradient. Such directed migration is believed to play a role in the localization of immune effector cells at inflammation sites, the movement of phagocytic cells toward various attractants, & the secretion of lysosomal enzymes |
| CHEMRAWN (See Abbreviation) | Program of IUPAC. Designed to support scienti sts who have skills & expertise to address pressing world problems, the program sponsors conferences on specific topics to prioritize needs from a chemical perspective with the aim of disseminating that informa tion as broadly as possible |
| CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID | A bile acid that has 2 -OH groups & that is the major comp. of the bile of hens, geese, & other fowl; it occurs in small amounts in the bile of other animals & humans |
| CHIMERIC | hybrid produced by combining components from different sources |
| CHIRAL POOL | approach in which the optical activity is derived primarily from carbohydrates. In this method for obtaining optically pure substances, a fragment containing the desired chiral center(s) and functionality is carved from an existing naturally occurring chemical feedstock. This resource of naturally occurring chiral feedstock is called the chiral pool. |
| CHITIN | Poly(N-Acetylglucosamine) |
| CHITOSAN | Poly(Glucosamine) |
| CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | an aggressive cancer that grows in the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine. |
| CHOLECYSTOKININ | A protein hormone, secreted by the duodenum, that stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas & that stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder |
| CHOLELITHIASIS | A disease, characterized by the formation of concretions (calculi) in the biliary tract that consist chiefly of cholesterol |
| CHOLERA | An acute infectious disease of the small intestine, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe dehydration, and depletion of electrolytes. Also called Asiatic cholera |
| CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN | CETP is a plasma glycoprotein that mediates the transfer of neutral lipids among various plasma lipoproteins.1,2 CETP facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl ester (CE) from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with a balanced exchange of triglyceride (TG). CETP plays a potential pro-atherogenic role by moving CE from HDL into pro-atherogenic VLDL and LDL particles, thereby lowering atheroprotective HDL-cholesterol (HDLc). |
| CHOLIC ACID | The most abundant bile acid in human bile; it has 3 -OH groups |
| CHOLINERGIC | Of, or pertaining to, nerve fibers that release acetylcholine at the nerve endings |
| CHONDROITIN | polymer composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine sulfate and glucuronic acid. Both compounds are found in and around the cells of the cartilage in people's joints. |
| CHROMOSOME | A structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that consists of one or more large double-helical DNA molecules that are associated with RNA & histones; the DNA of the chromosome contains the genes & functions in the storage & in the transformation of the genetic information of the organism |
| CHROMOSOME BREAK | A break in the structure of a chromosome as that produced by some carcinogenic alkylating agents |
| CHRONIC COUGH | Chronic cough is defined as a cough that lasts for more than three weeks. More than 90 percent of cases of chronic cough result from five common causes: smoking, postnasal drip, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux and chronic bronchitis. Although in most patients chronic cough has a single cause, in up to one fourth of patients, multiple disorders contribute to the cough. A stepwise evaluation in patients with chronic cough can minimize the invasiveness and expense of the work-up. Initial screening of patients with chronic cough should search for smoking, occupational exposure to an airway irritant, cough-inducing medications, airway hyperresponsiveness following upper respiratory infection, chronic bronchitis or any systemic symptoms suspicious for serious disease. Patients who are not diagnosed after an initial screening are evaluated or empirically treated in a stepwise fashion for postnasal drip, asthma and reflux. Bronchoscopy is reserved for use in the few patients still without a diagnosis after the previous steps have been completed |
| CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE | is a life-threatening congenital disorder that causes patients, mainly children, to be vulnerable to severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. This results in frequent and prolonged hospitalizations and commonly results in death. |
| CHRONIC NONBACTERIAL PROSTATITIS | is the inflammation of the prostate not due to bacterial infection. It refers to a condition affecting patients who present symptoms of prostatitis without a positive result after urine culture or expressed prostate secretion (EPS) culture. Nonbacterial prostatitis is typically a chronic, painful disease. The symptoms characteristically go away and then come back without warning. The urine and fluid from the prostate show no evidence of a known infecting organism, but the semen and other fluids from the prostate contain cells that the body usually produces to fight infection. Treatment with antibiotics and drugs that relax the muscles of the prostate gland is often tried and commonly fails. It is the least understood type of prostatitis and hardest to treat. This form of prostatitis is the most common. It is believed to occur eight times more often than bacterial prostatitis. It occurs in association with other diseases such as Reiter syndrome (arthritis, conjunctivitis [eye inflammation] and inflammation of the genital and urinary systems). |
| CLASSIC AMD (Ophthalmology) | CNV caused by wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) appears as two types of lesions: classic or occult. These terms are used to describe different patterns of CNV leakage as seen on fluorescein angiography. Classic CNV progresses more rapidly than occult, is more aggressive and easier to diagnose because the vessels are well defined and therefore easier to detect. As well, loss of sight occurs more rapidly with classic CNV |
| CLAUS PROCESS | The Claus process is the most significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur from gaseous hydrogen sulfide. First invented over 100 years ago, the Claus process has become the industry standard. The multi-step process recovers sulfur from the organic sulfur compounds in crude oil. The final step involves oxidation of hydrogen sulfide |
| CLIMACTERIUM | Climacteric symptoms |
| CLONE BY CLONE SEQUENCING | in which a genome is first mapped to produce an overall view of its composition and then segments of it are sequenced systematically, piece by piece. |
| CLOUD POINT PRESSURE | Pressure at which a single phase liquid solu tion starts to phase separate into polymer- rich/spin liquid-rich two-phase liquid/li quid dispersion. |
| COAGULANT (Water Treat.) | neutralize charge on particles so they can stick together. |
| COCKAYNE SYNDROME | Genetic Disease is one of the more common forms of premature ageing and is characterized, amongst others, by growth failure, mental retardation, eye abnormalities and a reduced life expectancy |
| CODON | [n] a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid |
| CODON. TERMINATION CODON | The codons UAA, UAG and UGA, which signal the end of a polypeptide chain. |
| COENZYME Q10 | 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone. redox component in the respiratory chain and is found in all cells having mitochondria. |
| COGENERATION [CHP (See Abbreviation)] | Is the coproduction of electricity & process heat - for chemical companies, that heat usually means creating & using steam. Cogene ration is the primary efficiency that has allowed the chemical industry to nearly halve its energy use per unit of output since 1974 |
| COLOSTRUM | Mammal's first milk after the birth of an offspring. Milky fluid secreted for the first day or two after parturition |
| COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY | technology for synthesizing and characterizing collections of compounds and screening them for useful properties |
| COMPENSATORY HYPERINSULINEMIA | When target cells are unresponsive to insulin, the pancreas responds by pouring even more insulin into the bloodstream, leading to high levels of the hormone in the blood, a condition called compensatory hyperinsulinemia. The high level of insulin in the blood forces glucose into cells but also starts the events leading to arterial damage and eventually a heart attack. Under these conditions, a person may not manifest either diabetes or heart disease but could well be on the way to either or both. |
| COMPLEMENT (IMMUNE SYSTEM). | Complement forms part of the body's natural immune system, the activation of which plays a key role in the normal inflammatory response. Complement is activated when there is an injury or cellular attack in the body. For example, if a bacterium or virus enters the body, complement is activated by antibodies that recognize the invader and fight off the invading organism. Likewise, if a foreign substance enters the body, which could range from a wood splinter to a medical catheter or even a transplanted organ, it is the complement system that is intimately involved in protecting the body by mounting an inflammatory response |
| COMPLEX FLUIDS | Complex fluids, which are distinguished from simple fluids by the presence of suspended microstructures of various shapes and sizes. |
| COMPRESSION SET | The amount of deformation (expressed as a percentage of original dimensions) which a material retains after compressive stress is released. |
| CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA | A viral skin disease characterized by a soft wart-like growth on the genitals. In adults, the disorder is considered a sexually-transmitted disease, but in children the virus appears to be transmitted with or without sexual contact |
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE | Connective tissue diseases are inflammatory multisystem diseases characterised by evidence of autoimmunity (e.g. antibodies to cellular components) in which there are often prominent signs of involvement of the joints and other parts of the locomotor system. e.g. SLE |
| CONTACT ADHESIVE | A liquid adhesive which dries to a film that is tack-free to other materials but not to itself. The adhesive is applied to both surfaces to be joined and dried at least partially. When pressed together at light to moderate pressure, a bond of high initial strength results. Some definitions of contact adhesive stipulate that the surfaces to be joined shall be no further apart than about 0.1 mm for satisfactory bonding. |
| CONTRAST AGENT | a substance that improves visualization of images produced by medical diagnostic equipment such as ultrasound, x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or nuclear medicine; an imaging-sensitive substance that is ingested, injected intravenously, or injected via catheter to enhance or increase contrast between anatomical structures. |
| CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY | (CIN) is a form of Acute Renal Failure caused by exposure to contrast media during image-guided cardiology and radiology procedures. The lack of effective treatment to prevent CIN remains problematic for patients with renal-insufficiency. |
| CONTROLLED POLYMERIZATION | See Living Polymn |
| COPROPHAGY (InDoor>Cockroach>Control) | feeding on feces |
| CORN STOVER | Stalks & Leaves |
| CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY | X-ray examination of blood vessels |
| CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY | process of using a catheter with a balloon at its tip to open or widen a narrowed blood vessel invasive cardiologic therapeutic procedure to treat the stenotic (narrowed) coronary arteries of the heart. ... |
| CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE | a condition that affects the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart, resulting in a narrowing or blockage of the arteries. |
| COSMECEUTICAL | Functional personal care prepn that are more than cosmetic cover-ups for superficial shortcomings but are not quite the stuff of health-restorative pharmaceuticals - have caught the public's imagination & captured a share of its pocketbook. Some require a doctor's prescription & supervision for use because the FDA considers them to be drugs |
| COUETTE REACTOR PRINCIPLE | In which one cylinder (a rotor) turns inside a second cylinder (a stator) |
| CR MIMETICS | drugs designed to mimic the effects of caloric restriction (Aging Prevn.) |
| CROHN S DISEASE | a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology but, unlike ulcerative colitis, it can affect any part of the bowel. Although lesions may start superficially, the inflammatory process extends through the bowel wall to the draining lymph nodes. As with ulcerative colitis, the course of the disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe but, unlike ulcerative colitis it is not curable by resection of the involved segment of bowel. Most patients with Crohn's disease come to surgery at some time, but subsequent relapse is common and continuous medical treatment is usual |
| CROSS METATHESIS | R-CH=CH2+H2C=CH-R' = R-CH=CH-R'+Ethylene |
| CT SCAN | an x-ray study of the body in which radiographic images of cross-sections of specific body parts are obtained |
| CURD | Coagulated casein consisting of Ca caseinate & milkfat; formed in cheese mfg |
| CURRENT IMPACT INDEX (CII) | Patent indicator of technological impact is how frequently a patent is CITED by later patents. When a patent is heavily cited by later patents, this is a sign that the cited patent represents an important technological advance |
| CUSHING'S DISEASE | A disease characterized by an overproduction of adrencorticotropin & caused by either overactivity or a tumor of the adrenal cortex |
| CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE | Cell enzyme involved in cell cycle (cell division, cell replication) |
| CYSTIC FIBROSIS | Genetic Disease with Bronchial Fluid Accumulation, resulting in Higher Susceptibility to Infections |
| CYSTINOSIS | People born without the ability to metabolize the amino acid cystine suffer from cystinosis, a rare inherited disorder characterized by the deposition and accumulation of cystine crystals throughout the body. These crystals cause considerable damage, particularly in the kidney |
| CYSTITIS | While many factors contribute to the acquisition and progression of E. coli urinary tract infections, it is widely accepted that colonization of the urinary epithelium is a prerequisite to infection. In a typical course of E. coli urinary tract infection, bacteria originate from the bowel, ascend into the bladder, and adhere to the bladder mucosa where they multiply and establish an infection (cystitis) before ascending into the ureters and kidneys |
| CYTOCHROME P450 | One of a class of enzymes that are heme proteins in which the Fe of the heme is linked to the S of an SH group of cysteine in the protein chain. They form CO complexes that have a major absorption band at 450 nm. The enzymes are widely distributed in animal tissues, plants, & microorganisms, & catalyze the monooxygenation of a vast variety of hydrophobic substances; they play an important role in the detoxification of drugs, mutagens, & carcinogens |
| CYTOKINE | Group of substances formed by a animal in response to infection. They are similar to hormones in their function; they are produced in one cell & stimulate a response in another cell. They are BRM & include such substances as IFN, IL & TNF |
| CYTOLOGY | The branch of biology that deals with the origin, the structure, the function & the history of cells |
| CYTOSKELETON | Part of cell responsible for its shape |
| CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCITES (CTL) | Specialized T cells that can recognize and kill infected and cancerous cells, through direct lysis and/or release of cytokines |
| DEBTOR IN POSSESSION | Financing Comprises Loans Made To Bankrupt Companies So They Can Reorganize Without Being Liquidated |
| DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS | occurs when a diver or submarine ascends to the water s surface too quickly, and nitrogen gas that was dissolved in blood forms bubbles that clog blood vessels that supply oxygen to the heart and central nervous system. This can result in massive stroke, paralysis and death |
| DENATURED ALCOHOL | EtOH to which another liquid has been added to make it unfit to use as a beverage |
| DENDRIMER | Highly Branched Non-Crosslinked Polymer |
| DENDRITIC CELLS | immune system cells that identify foreign proteins |
| DENDRITOPHAGE | are dendritic cells (specialized immune cells) derived from the patient s own white blood cells |
| DENDROCHEMISTRY | the chemical analysis of precisely dated tree rings |
| DENGUE VIRUSES | A virus group of 4 distinct serotypes that belong to the family of "Flaviviridae". They are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) & usually cause a benign syndrome (dengue fever), characterized by fever, headache, & joint & muscle pains. In cases when the syndrome becomes severe it is associated with hemorrhage & increased vascular permeability (dengue hemorrhagic fever, DHF or dengue shock syndrome, DSS) |
| DENTAL PULP | Each tooth, is made up of an outer layer of enamel, dentin below that, & the pulp at the center of the tooth. In some sense, the pulp is the LIVING portion of the tooth |
| DEPLETED URANIUM | material left after 235U is separated to enrich uranium for use in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons |
| DERMAGENETICS | The study of how genetic variations affect the appearance of skin |
| DERMATOMYOSITIS | rare, chronic autoimmune disorder which afflicts approximately 5,000 - 20,000 patients in the U.S. In patients with dermatomyositis, the immune system generally attacks the patient's muscle, and also the skin, which may cause extensive rash and progressive and severe muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue. It is generally believed to be an autoimmune disease involving a number of immune responses, including activation of complement proteins by antibodies |
| DESCRIPTOR (PHARMA.) | collections of molecular properties or physical structures--that can be used to describe complex molecules in just a few "dimensions." |
| DIABETES TYPE I | Pathology characterized by NO Insulin prodn. by Pancreas Beta Islet Cells affecting CHILDS |
| DIABETES TYPE II | Pathology characterized by LOW Insulin prodn. by Pancreas Beta Islet Cells generally affecting ADULTS |
| DIAMONDOIDS | Hydrocarbon molecules in which the carbon framework has the structure of a diamond lattice |
| DIELECTRICS (electronics) | are used to insulate computer chips' aluminum or copper circuit lines from one another. The industry traditionally used silicon dioxide, but SiO2 isn't a good enough insulator to prevent "cross talk" between the closely spaced copper wires of the latest generation of semiconductors. For chips with 180-nm circuitry, the industry found a stopgap measure in fluorinated silicate glass (FSG), a dielectric made by infusing silicon dioxide with silicon tetrafluoride. FSG has a k value of 3.7, better than SiO2's 4.2 but not as good as the sub-3.0 level that the industry was targeting for the 130-nm devices. |
| DIELS ALDERASE | Enzyme that catalyze are concerted Diels-Alder reactions and not some other reactions that lead to Diels-Alder-type products. |
| DIESEL FUEL | The internal combustion engine almost started out green. Back in 1900, when Rudolph Diesel unveiled his invention at the World Exhibition in Paris, his fuel of choice was peanut oil. ALTERNATIVE Biodiesel expert von Wedel drives a purely biofueled vehicle. PHOTO BY ELIZABETH WILSON The diesel engine, as it soon became known, is now the ubiquitous workhorse for heavy-duty tasks such as running farm equipment, trucks, or barges. But although Diesel originally designed the engine to run on vegetable oil, problems with the liquid's high viscosity quickly became apparent as the engines gummed up, sputtered, and died. A cheap and plentiful mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons obtained during crude oil refining worked much better, and with help from the budding petroleum industry, "diesel fuel" soon supplanted vegetable oil. |
| DIETETIC FOODS | are synthetic foods specifically formulated for people on restricted diets. Such foods, which can contain natural foods as ingredients, can take the form of either enteral compositions or parenteral compositions |
| DIFFUSE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS | a form of scleroderma, is a chronic, life-threatening disorder caused by the production of excess collagen which leads to scarring of the skin and internal organs. Eighty percent of those affected by this disease are women between the ages of 25-55. About 40 percent of all patients with this disorder die within ten years of diagnosis |
| DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY | Ink Jet Printing (non-AgX) |
| DIPHOSPHO (2,3) GLYCERATE | A compd. that is present at high concn. in the red blood cell & that binds to tetrameric hemoglobin to form a 1:1 complex. One molecule of 2,3-DPG binds in the central cavity of the hemoglobin molecule & greatly reduces the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen; the binding favors the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin. The compd. serves as an allosteric effector & regulates the oxygen-binding affinity of hemoglobin in relation to the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs |
| DIRECT IMAGING | is the process of sending a digital file directly to a digital offset press. This process eliminates the production steps associated with film-based platemaking. DI presses allow printers to be more competitive in a market that continually demands faster turnaround time and shorter press runs at lower costs—without sacrificing quality. DI is an enabling process brought about by the interaction of three core technologies—laser imaging, thermal digital media, and a unique press design |
| DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION | Process by which novel genes are generated for commercial use. |
| DISINFECTION | elimination of all life forms capable of causing disease. |
| DIURETICS | Agent which increases urine excretion |
| DIVERSITY ORIENTED SYNTHESIS (CombiChem) | Researchers today are showing "how one might consider combining natural product synthesis with combichem." "In the past, combichem has largely focused on simple tried-and-true synthetic sequences, whereas the natural product route tends to be infinitely more complicated and creative. Combichem is now growing into those more complex realms"--an approach called diversity-oriented synthesis. |
| DNA BINDING PROTEIN | See Transcription Factor |
| DNA BULGES | loops of extra bases (shown) that protrude from the DNA double helix |
| DNA SHUFFLING TECHNIQUE | The technique involved taking gene fragments from different bacterial species and combining them to form a large variety of carotenoid genes, which were then expressed in bacterial host cells. |
| DOLOMITE | MgCO3.CaCO3 |
| DOMINO PROCESS (Organic Synthesis) | In domino processes, bond-forming transformations take place under the same reaction conditions, and subsequent transformations are the consequence of the functionality formed in the previous one |
| DOPE-GA (See Abbrev.) | also known as N-Glutaryl-PE, 18:1, is a phospholipid composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine conjugated to glutaric acid via an amide bond |
| DOTMP | TetraPhosphonate Chelant |
| DOWN SYNDROME | See Mongolism |
| DPDP | N,N'-bis-(pyridoxal-5-phosphate)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid or N,N'-bis(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-phosphonomethyl-4-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediam ine-N,N'-diacetic acid, is referred to hereinafter as DPDP |
| DROSOPHILA | A genus of small flies which are extensively used as test animals to study genetics, cell biology, and developmental biology. The most well-known species used is Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly. |
| DRY CLEANING | Use of Non-Water Solvent to lift dirt & stains off fabrics |
| DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | results from a large deletion of the dystrophin gene on the X-chromosome. Dystrophin is a muscle-specific protein that is localized on the plasma membrane of all muscle cells and is responsible for maintaining cellular integrity during muscle contractions. (Hoffman, et al. Cell, Vol. 51, pgs. 919-928 (1987); Koenig, et al., Cell, Vol. 53, pgs. 219-228 (1988); Watkins, et al., Nature, Vol. 333, pgs. 863-866 (1988)). |
| DUMPING | To export goods at price lower than sale price in exporting country (country of origin) |
| DUPUYTREN S CONTRACTURE | Dupuytren's contracture is a condition that involves contracture of joints in the hand that impairs patients' ability to straighten and move their fingers due to a thickening and shortening of the normal ligaments of the palm and fingers. As the disease progresses, functionality of the hand is severely impaired. The incidence of Dupuytren's contracture is highest in Caucasians, historically those of Northern European descent. Most cases of Dupuytren's contracture occur in patients older than 50 years.(1) |
| DWARFISM | In plant miniaturization, the characteristic that reduces the plant height or the culm length compared to the wild type (the normal type) is called dwarfism |
| DYNAMIC RESOLUTION | Coupling of racemization with resolution |
| DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION | the process of intimate melt mixing a thermoplastic polymer and a suitable reactive rubbery polymer to generate a thermoplastic elastomer with a chemically crosslinked rubbery phase, resulting in properties closer to those of a thermoset rubber when compared to the same uncrosslinked composition. |
| DYSGEUSIA | a condition characterized by the persistent perception of a bitter aftertaste |
| DYSKINESIA | Difficulty or distortion in performing voluntary movements, as in tic, chorea, spasm, or myoclonus. The term dyskinesia may be used in relation to Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal disorders. Dyskinesia can occur as a side effect of certain medications such as L-dopa and the antipsychotics |
| DYSLIPIDEMIA | high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoproteins in the blood, leading to buildup of plaque in blood vessel walls |
| DYSLIPIDEMIA | elevation of LDL-C and/or triglycerides or a low HDL-C level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, the number one cause of death among men and women and the primary reason for loss of quality of life in Western countries. |
| DYSMENORRHOEA | A condition marked by painful menstruation |
| DYSPHORIA | Feeling of Depression & Dejection |
| DYSPNEA | breathlessness |
| ECEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION DYES | Colors derived from or based on NATURAL sources, do not have to undergo FDA batch testing. |
| ECSTASY (DRUG) | MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine |
| EDEMA | Fluid accumulation in living cell |
| EHPT | 4,4'-[1,4-Phenylenebis(1-methylethylidene)] bisbenzamine |
| ELASTAN | Generic Name (Globally Except Australia & USA) for Elastomeric PolyUrethane Fiber |
| ELECTRIDES | are materials in which electrons are trapped at stoichiometric concentrations, effectively becoming the smallest possible anions |
| ELECTROCHEMICAL WINDOW | Electrochemical potential range over which the electrolyte is not reduced or oxidized at an electrode (electrochemistry) |
| ELECTROPORATION | DNA Introduction in Tissue Cells by Electric Pulses |
| ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID | Fluid which turns into paste upon application of electric field |
| EMERALDINE BASE | Polyaniline has several non-conductive oxidation states. The most stable of those is emeraldine base (EB), having equal amounts of reduced and oxidized repeating units |
| EMOTIONAL LABILITY | See PSEUDOBULBAR AFFECT |
| ENDOCARDITIS | Inflammation of tissue that covers heart`s cavities |
| ENDOCRINE GLAND | A ductless gland of internal secretion that produces one or more hormones which are secreted directly into the circulation |
| ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER | Chemicals that stimulate or retard the production of hormones |
| ENDOCRINOLOGY | The science that deals with the structure, function, & the products of the endocrine glands & other specialized secretory cells |
| ENDOCYTOSIS | The process whereby cells take up fluids & particles by pinching off the plasma membrane. The uptake of large particles is known as phagocytosis & that of small particles, solutes & fluids is known as pinocytosis |
| ENDOMORPHIN-2 | a tetrapeptide produced in the brain that suppresses pain by activating the -opioid receptor |
| ENDOPHTHALMITIS | Endophthalmitis involves inflammation of the intraocular cavities of the eye, usually caused by infection. It typically results as a complication of ocular surgery, intraocular injections or trauma. The injections can expose the eye to potential pathogens and leave behind a needle tract that can also serve as an entrance for a bacterial infection. In addition, retinal surgery is increasingly performed using a new sutureless technique, leaving open wounds to heal over time and potentially exposing the inner structures of the eye to possible infection. Symptoms of endophthalmitis can include pain, redness, lid swelling and decreased visual acuity. Treatment includes antibiotic injections to the infected eye. Despite aggressive therapy, endophthalmitis can be devastating; frequently requiring enucleation, or removal of the infected eye |
| ENDORPHIN | [n] a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties See Also: enkephalin, neurochemical, peptide |
| ENDOSCOPE | An instrument for examining visually the interior of a bodily canal or a hollow organ such as the colon, bladder, or stomach |
| ENEDIYNE | Large carbon ring contg 2 triple bonds separated by a double bond. Enediynes are characterized by a nine- or 10-membered ring containing two triple bonds separated by a double bond. The enediyne group readily cyclizes via a diradical intermediate that cleaves DNA, giving rise to enediynes' powerful antitumor activity |
| ENHANCED PERMEABILITY & RETENTION EFFECT | First discovered by Hiroshi Maeda of the University of Kumamoto in Japan in 1986. New blood vessels in tumors are "leaky" to passively target tumors. Because tumor blood vessels are more permeable than blood vessels in other tissue, drugs enter tumor tissue fairly easily. |
| ENTERAL COMPN. | are compositions for oral consumption or tubal feeding intended to replace natural food products that cause or aggravate allergies or other conditions in some individuals |
| ENTERIC HYPEROXALURIA | Enteric hyperoxaluria accounts for approximately 5% of kidney stone patients evaluated in stone clinics and is secondary to a variety of functional and anatomical small bowel problems including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pancreatic insufficiency etc. Surgical procedures like jejuno-ileal bypass, external biliary drainage or ileal resections leading to chronic fat malabsorption are associated with complications of hyperoxaluria and stone disease. The common finding among these disorders causing hyperabsorption of oxalate is malabsorption of bile salts and fatty acids. The colon has been identified as the primary site of increased oxalate absorption due to increased availability of free oxalate and increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa. Persistent diarrhoea and fat malabsorption results in less intestinal calcium available to bind oxalate thereby increasing the availability of free oxalate in the gut and its excretion in urine. Exposure of colonic mucosa to excess bile salts has also been shown to increase oxalate permeability. Enteric hyperoxaluria is characterized by severe hyperoxaluria (usually ¡Ý80mg/day), low urinary volume, hypocalciuria and hypocitraturia. The source of urinary oxalate is predominantly exogenous i.e. derived from the dietary sources. |
| ENTOMOLOGY | The study of insects |
| ENZYME MOONLIGHTING | One enzyme, one physiological role. That's how most scientists have traditionally looked at it. But there's a growing appreciation that some enzymes "moonlight"--that is, in addition to their "primary" catalytic function, they hold down one or more other important nonenzymatic jobs. Some of the most well-known moonlighting proteins--a term coined by Gregory A. Petsko, professor of biochemistry and chemistry at Brandeis University--are found in the lens of the eye. There you'll find a variety of enzymes that have abandoned their catalytic functions to play a structural role in the lens. These so-called crystallins in the lens include those known elsewhere in the body as lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione S-transferase. The enzyme gephyrin also moonlights. Gephyrin helps assemble a common molybdenum-containing enzyme cofactor. But it also plays an entirely unrelated structural role, anchoring proteins important to neurotransmission at the correct place in the brain. Then there's cytochrome c. This heme protein, found in the membranes of mitochondria, plays a crucial role in the electron-transport chain that cells use to produce energy. But cytochrome c also moonlights as a signal for apoptosis, the process by which cells commit suicide. In response to cell damage or other signals, cells release cytochrome c into the intermembrane space, where it stimulates apoptosis by forming a protein complex that signals apoptosis. Scientists are just beginning to understand how these and other moonlighting proteins manage to exert their dual functions. Whether an enzyme does its enzymatic or its moonlighting job may be determined by its physiologic location. Or an enzyme's moonlighting function may be controlled by the kind of protein complex it's in or the structural conformation it takes on. Other moonlighters, like cytochrome c, may simply use different binding sites on the same protein to do two different jobs. "Moonlighting is one way of getting more out of a limited protein repertoire," notes Shelley D. Copley, an associate professor of molecular, cellular, and developmental biology at the University of Colorado. And although moonlighting may well be widespread among proteins, predicting which proteins lead double lives remains challenging, she suggests. More practically, moonlighting may explain some of the side effects of drugs targeted at specific proteins. It may also hint at why some therapies that attempt to compensate for the loss of a protein could fail to make up for both that protein's normal and moonlighting roles. |
| EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA | Disease that causes the skin to peel and blister with even the slightest touch. |
| EPIGENOMICS | takes a whole-genome approach to studying environmental or developmental epigenetic effects, primarily DNA methylation, on gene function. Thus, epigenomics focuses on those genes whose function is determined by external factors |
| EPILEPSY | Sudden excitation that spreads through the brain and causes recurrent seizures that can severely impair a person's quality of life. It affects some 100 million people worldwide, and about 30% of those stricken have a severe form of the disease that results in more than 100 seizures per day. |
| EPITHELIUM | 1. The sheet of cells, consisting of one or more layers, that covers surfaces & lines tubes of animal tissue 2. Membrane that covers the internal walls of blood vessels |
| EPITOPE | Antibody-binding Site on Antigen |
| EQUIVOCAL APPENDICITIS | Hard to Diagnose Appendicitis |
| ERYTHEMA | Human Skin Reddening caused by Sun Exposure |
| ERYTHEMA NODOSUM LEPROSUM | Inflammatory complication of leprosy that results in painful skin lesions on the arms, legs & face |
| ERYTHROPOIETIN | A glycoprotein mitogen & hormone (MW 23,000) produced by the kidneys & that stimulates formation of erythrocytes |
| ETIOLOGY | The study of causes of disease |
| ETIOLOGY | The study of causes of disease |
| EUBACTERIA | A term used originally to denote "true" bacteria as opposed to other microorganisms; now used to designate all bacteria other than archaebacteria. |
| EUKARYOTIC CELL | A higher organism (unicellular or multicellular) that consists of cells that possess a true nucleus; the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane & contains the genetic material within multiple chromosomes |
| EXOCYTOSIS | The process of releasing materials such as neurotransmitters from cells |
| EXTENDED TETHERING (Pharma.>Drug Discov.) | the technique takes advantage of the inherent affinity of an "Exten der" for part of a binding site on a protein. The extender recruits fragmen ts with affinity for an adjacent part of the site, & these fragments can be identified by MS. Extender-fragment con jugates are then tested for activity & elaborated as needed. |
| FABRY DISEASE | lysosomal storage disorder caused by inherited genetic mutations in the GLA gene, which result in deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-GAL). Deficient alpha-GAL activity leads to lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3), which is believed to cause the various symptoms of Fabry disease, including pain, kidney failure and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. |
| FAHR DISEASE | Progressive calcific deposition in the walls of blood vessels of the basal ganglia, in young to middle-aged persons; occasionally associated with mental retardation and extrapyramidal symptoms |
| FDA APPROVABLE LETTER | official notification from the FDA that contains conditions that must be satisfied prior to obtaining final U.S. marketing approval. |
| FEED | Food for Non-Human Animals |
| FEEDBACK DE-EXCITATION | The molecule that plants use to protect themselves from the dangers of getting too much sun during photosynthesis has now been revealed by a combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and plant genetics. Plants rely on sunlight to generate chemical energy via photosynthesis. It's been known for more than two decades that plants protect themselves from excess light, which can lead to oxidative damage to chlorophyll and other key photosynthetic pigments. But the biophysical mechanism of this protective process--known as feedback de-excitation--has remained mysterious |
| FENTON REACTION | In the Fenton reaction, ferrous ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide, producing ferric ion, hydroxyl ion, and hydroxyl radical: Fe2+ + H2O2 = Fe3+ + OH–+ OH |
| FERROCIFEN | Ferrocene - substituted tamoxifen |
| FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME | is a centuries-old condition that is estimated to affect between 2 to 4% of the population, and is the second most commonly diagnosed rheumatological disorder after osteoarthritis. The symptoms of FMS are severely debilitating and are characterized by chronic and widespread pain and stiffness throughout the body accompanied by severe fatigue, poor sleep and headache. There is also a high incidence of associated neurologic, allergic, cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and affective symptoms among sufferers. Patients with FMS have at least comparable disability, more pain, and lower quality of life than patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Historically, fibromyalgia syndrome has defied simple medical explanation. However, more recent research and evidence indicates that FMS is a clearly identifiable medical condition. Preliminary data in the literature indicates there may be a genetic predisposition and a number of associated objective biochemical, hormonal, and neurotransmitter differences. It is hoped that with further research the level of understanding of FMS will continue to increase, so that optimum diagnostic tools and treatments can be developed. In the meantime, there are evidence-based pharmacologic (drug) and non-pharmacologic (non-drug) multidisciplinary interventions available. While treatment currently does not offer a cure, patients can learn how how best to manage FMS, and in many cases, take back control to lead more fully functional & productive lives |
| FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR | type of switch in which a semiconducting channel bridges two electrodes designated "source" and "drain." Current flow between these electrodes is controlled by a third electrode known as a "gate." By applying a voltage to the gate, the semiconductor's state can be changed--reversibly--from insulating to conducting, thereby switching the transistor on or off. |
| FILE OVER PROTEST (Pharma.>FDA) | procedure permitted by regulation, which allows a sponsor to have its NDA filed and reviewed when there is disagreement over the acceptability of the NDA. |
| FimC (6,500,434) | periplasmic chaperone protein that mediates assembly of type 1 pili in bacteria |
| FimH (6,500,434) | is the D-mannose-binding adhesin that promotes attachment of type 1-piliated bacteria to host cells via mannose-containing glycoproteins on eukaryotic cell surfaces. FimC is its periplasmic chaperone protein. FimH is also highly conserved not only among uropathogenic strains of E. coli, but also among a wide range of gram-negative bacteria. For example, all Enterobacteriacea produce FimH. Thus, vaccines incorporating the FimH antigen should exhibit a broad spectrum of protection. |
| FINE CHEMICAL | Pure, single substance produced by chemical reactions & bought & sold on basis of their chemical identity. Pharmaceutical fine chemicals include - Intermediates for drug production - Bulk active drugs ready to be compounded with inert pigments, solvents & fillers - excipients - & made into dosage forms Identities of fine chemicals are well known & substitutions cannot be made |
| FIRST PASS EFFECT (Pharma./Oral Bioavailability) | Rapid metabolism of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract drastically reduces the amount that reaches the target. The phenomenon is called the first-pass effect. For about 60% of oral drugs, Sellers explains, the culprit is oxidation by the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP 3A) enzyme system |
| FISCHER TROPSCH PROCESS | preparation of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas (i.e., a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) |
| FISCHER TROPSCH SYNTHESIS | Any of several catalytic processes originating in Germany & using synthesis gas mixt of CO & H to produce aliphatic linear hydrocarbons & oxygenated derivatives. It is also called the synthine process. It is one of a number of processes that may be applied to production of liquid fuels from coal. |
| FLAT SCREENS (Displays/Electronics) | 2 Types: - Liquid Crystal Displays & - Plasma Displays Applications: - Computers & - TV sets |
| FLIP FLOP EFFECT | Color Dependence on Viewing Angle |
| FLOCCULANT (Water Treat.) | help particles bind together so they can be removed from water. |
| FLUIDIC DIODE (MicroFluidics) | "A fluidic diode has no moving parts." "It directs flow by using microstructures with different flow resistance in the two directions." |
| FLUORODEDIAZONIATION | Regiospecific introduction of fluorine into aromatic compds via diazonium salts |
| FOLDAMERS | oligomers that adopt a specific conformation in solution |
| FOLEY CATHETER | A flexible plastic tube (a catheter) inserted into the bladder to provide continuous urinary drainage. The "Foley" has a balloon on the bladder end. After the catheter is inserted in the bladder, the balloon is inflated (with air or fluid) so that the catheter cannot pull out but is retained in the bladder as an "indwelling" catheter. Removal is accomplished simply by deflating the balloon and slipping the catheter out. The "Foley" is named for the American urologist Frederic Eugene Basil Foley (1891-1966). |
| FORWARD CHEMICAL GENETICS | In a classic genetic screen, also called "forward genetics", mutagens or point mutations cause random mutations throughout the genome of a model organism. Mutants that show a change in a specific characteristic (a phenotype) are then used to discover the identity of genes responsible for that phenotype. In the chemical genetic counterpart to this method of discovery, a wide variety of small molecules are screened, & the ones that cause specific phenotypes in cells & organisms are then used to determine the protein target of the chemicals. To use the lock-and-key metaphor, forward chemical genetics involves taking a few keys into a big house & randomly trying as many locks as possible. Once you discover something interesting behind one of the unlocked doors - such as a novel phenotype - you can go back to identify the lock that was involved. In doing so, maybe, just maybe, you have identified a new target for drug discovery. And the help you get started on studying this new lock, you can just use the key that unlocked the door, which can serve as a lead compd., for new drug discovery |
| FRAGILE X SYNDROME | The most common form of inherited mental retardation in humans which occurs in about 1 out of 2000 newborn males; it is associated with a fragile site on the X chromosome |
| FREE RUNNING SPORT | the art of moving through your environment using only your body and the surroundings to propel yourself--is a sport without boundaries. It can be practiced anywhere, alone or with a group |
| FULLERENE | [n] a form of carbon having a large spheroidal molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms |
| FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS | attempts to move data from structural genomics toward biological function by understanding what genes do, how they are regulated, and their activity. |
| FUNGUS | A plant protist that is not photosynthetic & that is devoid of chlorophyll; fungi generally contain a mycelium & are frequently coenocytic |
| GAUCHER'S DISEASE | A genetically inherited metabolic defect in humans that is characterized by an accumulation of cerebrosides in tissues & by an enlargement of the spleen & the liver; due to a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase Lysosomal Storage Disorder |
| GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY | Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) also known as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a chromatographic method in which molecules are separated based on their size. This method is most widely used in the analysis of polymer molecular weights (or molar mass). The term GPC was used in the beginning of polymer analysis when people used glass columns filled with gels to perform GPC. Nowadays more and more automated and high pressure liquid chromatographic columns are used. Therefore GPC is an old |
| GEL PHASE | Phenomen in which a non-ionic surfactant gels up during dilution in the wash - an un welcome occurrence when quick dissolution is desired |
| GEMINI SURFACTANT | in which each molecule has multiple hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites |
| GENERIC PHARMA DRUG | - Drug whose patent has EXPIRED. - Drug identical to non-generic drug. - Drug approved by FDA or equivalent - Drug marketed with little or no promotion (no trademark) |
| GENITAL WARTS | are usually flesh-colored growths. The types of HPV that cause genital warts are different from the types that can cause cervical cancer. About 2 out of 3 people who have sexual contact with a person who has genital warts will also get them. And even if the genital warts are treated, 25% of cases come back within 3 months if HPV is still present |
| GENOME ANTHOLOGY | collections of a single gene locus from a collection of individuals or organisms |
| GENOME MINING | searching a genome for DNA sequences that encode enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of particular products |
| GENOMICS | is the scientific study of a genome and the roles that genes play, alone and together, in directing growth and development, and in controlling and determining biological structure and function. As the field has grown, it has been broken down into several major branches |
| GERIATRICS | The branch of medicine that deals with the structural changes, physiology, diseases, and hygiene of old age. |
| GERONTOLOGY | The study of aging, from the broadest perspective |
| GIRBOTOL ABSORPTION | Amine absorption. A process for the removal of H2S or CO2 from gas. mixt. An organic amine (ethanolamine etc) is allowed to flow down a tortuous path through a tower where it is contacted by & absorbs (acidic) H2S & CO2 from the gas to be purified as it moves up the tower. The loaded amine is then sent from bottom of tower to a steam stripper, where it flows countercurrent to steam, which strips the H2S & CO2 from it. The amine is then returned to top of tower. The process is widely used in the petroleum industry for purifying refinery & natural gases & for recovery of H2S for S mfg |
| GLAUCOMA | Eye's pathology characterized by a increase in eye's internal pressure, due to problems in eye's fluid flow. There are cases in which this high pressure damages the eye's optical nerve leading to vision loss |
| GLIOBLASTOMA | Glioblastoma is a type of malignant brain tumor that arises from star-shaped cells called, "astrocytes", which support other types of cells in the brain. Glioblastoma multiforme comes by many names, including, "Glioblastoma multiforme," "grade IV astrocytoma," and “GBM” - but all refer to the same tumor. Glioblastoma is one of the most life-threatening forms of cancer. It is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, and according to the American Brain Tumor Association, glioblastoma constitutes approximately 23% of the estimated 36,000 primary brain tumors diagnosed in the United States annually, and the incidence for this disease is rising. Glioblastoma is more common in older adults, and affects men more often than women. Because glioblastoma tumors can grow rapidly, the first symptom is an increased pressure in the brain, and can be accompanied by headache, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness. Other symptoms may include seizures, memory impairment, or visual changes, depending on the location of the tumor. Because of its rapid and unpredictable growth, it is often difficult to resect the tumor entirely, and recurrence is almost inevitable. Initial treatment often begins with surgery in order to relieve pressure and remove as much of the tumor as possible. Surgery may be accompanied by a radiation and/or chemotherapy. However, these treatments increase survival by just a few weeks. |
| GLITAZONES | 5-Substituted 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones (Diabetes treat) |
| GLOMERULUS | Kidney tissue cells responsible for filtration |
| GLUCOCORTICOID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS | is bone loss associated with chronic use of glucocorticoid medications. These medications are often prescribed for inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and obstructive pulmonary disease. Globally, an estimated one to three percent of adults over the age of 50 use glucocorticoids. Studies in Europe show that 0.5 to 0.9 percent of the general population and two percent of medical outpatients received prolonged glucocorticoid therapy at any one time.(i) Chronic glucocorticoid therapy is the most common cause of secondary osteoporosis(ii), leading to bone loss and an increased risk for fracture. Up to 50 percent of individuals on chronic glucocorticoid therapy will eventually have an osteoporotic fracture.(iii) |
| GLUCURONIDASE | beta-D-Glucuronoside glucuronosohydrolase |
| GLUTEN (Foods) | is the characteristic term for the protein mixture of glutelins and gliadins (prolamines) found in cereals |
| GLYCAL | AldoHexose Sugar Deriv. with highly reactive double bond between C-1 & C-2 |
| GLYCOMICS | The most common and versatile modification is the attachment of carbohydrate, which results in the formation of glycoproteins, estimated to make up half of proteins in nature [Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1473, 4 (1999)]. The systematic identification and characterization of all the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, with the aid of the information derived from the genome, is a major part of "glycomics." |
| GOOD SCIENTIST | people "who understand the scientific method, recognize a problem when they see it, know how to develop solutions to that problem, and go out and demonstrate solutions to that problem." |
| GORHAM PROCESS | Parylene dimer {octafluoro-[2,2] paracyclo phane} is vaporized to parylene monomer |
| GOUT | A metabolic disease that is characterized by an increase in the concn. of uric acid in the serum & its precipitation as Na urate in various tissues of the body; a form of acute arthritis. One type of gout is a genetically inherited metabolic defect due to a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guani- ne phosphoribosyl transferase |
| GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE | severe type of transplant rejection characterized by the donor marrow (graft) producing immune cells that attack multiple organs of the recipient (host). |
| GRAM BACTERIA DESIGNATION | Bacteria are divided into 2 major classes known as GRAM POSITIVE & GRAM NEGATIVE, based on the response of the bacteria cell wall to a STAINING PROCEDURE developed in 1884 by the Danish physician HANS C.J. GRAM. Gram-positive bacteria retain the dye Gentian violet used in the staining process, whereas gram-negative bactaria do not. The cell walls of both types of bacteria are made of peptidoglycan, which is composed of covalently linked polysaccharide & polypeptide chains. In gram-positive bacteria, a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounds the plasma membrane. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall separated from the plasma membrane by an aq compartment known as periplasmic space; an additional thick outer membrane coats the cell wall. The outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharides, proteins & phospholipids, & accounts for the reason than many antibacterial drugs effective against gram-positive bacteria are inefficient against gram-negative bacteria. Antibacterial agents active against both classes are deemed broad spectrum. Typical gram-positive bacteria include "S. aureus", "Streptococcus pneumoniae" (the major cause of community-acquired pneumonia - that is, pneumonia contracted outside a hospital), & the enterococci. The roll call of gram-negative bacteria includes "Neisseria meningitidis" (a cause of meningitis & the rarer meningococcemia), "Escherichia coli" & "Haemophi lus influenzae" |
| GRANULOCYTOPENIA | Granulocytopenia refers to a condition that the number of granulocytes in peripheral blood is decreased, and is a concept including agranulocytosis marked by severe decrease or loss in granulocytes and accompanied by a grave condition. Of these, the agranulocytosis has a high mortality due to infectious diseases. |
| GRAVES DISEASE | An autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormone. This causes such symptoms as nervousness, heat |
| GREEN PROCESS | Processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous or polluting substances |
| GREEN CHEMISTRY | Design, development, & implementation of chemical prodts & processes to reduce or eli minate the use & generation of substances hazardous to human health & the environment |
| GREEN TIRE | So called because they help improve car fuel economy |
| GREENHOUSE EFFECT | Absorption or trapping by the CO2 & water vapor in the atm. of radiation wavelengths above the IR as they are radiated away from the earth. This effect is important in controlling the earth's surface T |
| GRIGNARD COUPLING REACTION | Aryl-Aryl Coupling Reaction Using Aryl-Mg Halide as OrganoMetal Reagent |
| GROWTH HORMONE | The protein hormone that is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, stimulates body growth, & affects many aspects of metabolism |
| GUERBET ALCOHOL | Guerbet Alcohols are regiospecifically beta branched alcohols. They have been known since the 1890's when Marcel Guerbet first synthesized them. (M. Guerbet, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 128, 511; 1002 (1899)). These materials are high in molecular weight and are liquid to very low temperatures. The guerbet reaction gives very specific branching in the alcohol |
| GYNECOLOGY | Branch of Medicine dealing with Diag.; Etiology; Prevn.; Prognosis & Treat. of diseases specifically affecting women |
| HABER BOSCH PROCESS | The NH3 required to make such fertilizers is produced industrially using the Haber-Bosch process, in which an iron oxide catalyst is used to convert N2 and hydrogen gas to NH3 at high temperatures and pressures. Fritz Haber (1868–1934) first synthesized NH3 from N2 and H2 in 1909. Four years later, Haber and fellow German Carl Bosch of BASF modified the process for commercial production of NH3. Although early production was devoted primarily to making German explosives in World Wars I and II, the Haber-Bosch process later allowed large-scale production of nitrogen fertilizers and revolutionized modern agriculture |
| HAIR PERMANENT LEAD ACETATE DYES | Another type of permanent hair dye, mostly used to darken gray hair, depends on a solution of lead acetate that gradually darkens hair by reacting with the sulfur of hair keratin. According to the Food & Drug Administration, lead acetate is safe to use as "progressive" hair color because controlled human studies show lead is not absorbed into the body from dye use |
| HAIR PERMANENT OXIDATION DYES | Oxidation is king. Depending on whom you talk to, between 60 and 90% of dyes sold are the permanent two-part systems that can last six weeks. The first part is a solution consisting of dyes and dye intermediates in an aqueous ammoniacal solution generally containing soap, detergents, and conditioning agents. The second part is a hydrogen peroxide solution often called the developer. Users mix the two parts just before applying to their hair. This mixture swells the hair, and simultaneously bleaches the users' natural hair color and "develops" the oxidative dye in solution as it penetrates the hair shaft. Many dye kits also include conditioning as a third step |
| HAIR SEMIPERMANENT DYES | OTHER TYPES of hair dyes are semipermanent, which largely depends on direct dyes and last a few washings |
| HAIR TEMPORARY DYES | which mostly depend on basic dyes and wash out after one to three washings. |
| HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA | A disease where cancer (malignant) cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. An uncommon form of leukemia that is a slowly progressing cancer of lymphocytes |
| HALITOSIS | Bad Mouth Breath |
| HAPLOTYPES | SNPs (Abbrev.) that travel in groups, & work together to cause a particular drug response |
| HAPTEN | A substance that can react selectively with antibodies of the appropriate specificity but that stimulates the prodn. of these antibodies in an animal only when it is coupled to a carrier |
| HEART ATTACK | Acute Myocardial Infarction. caused when a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart. This causes an inadequate flow of oxygenated and nutrient-enriched blood and results in the death of a portion of the heart muscle. Symptoms of a heart attack may include: uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes; pain spreading to the shoulders, neck or arms; and chest discomfort with lightheadedness, fainting, sweating, nausea or shortness of breath. As many as 1.1 million Americans suffer heart attacks each year. Of these, about one-third will die, making heart attack the number one killer of men and women in the United States. About 650,000 of these cases are first attacks while 450,000 are recurrent attacks. |
| HEAT DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE | Temperature at which rod made of material in question shows prescribed deflection when subjected to certain flexural stress under three-point loading |
| HECK REACTION | The reaction couples an aromatic halide or anhydride with an alkene in the presence of Pd catalyst to give an aryl alkene. The reaction couples OrgX with H-Olefin to provide Org-Olefin; Org = aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, acetylenyl, alkyl, allyl, benzyl, acyl, or benzoyl, or mono- or poly-substituted aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, acetylenyl, alkyl, allyl, or benzoyl |
| HEEL | Industry jargon for the layer of filter cake that is not pushed out of the filtration vessel. In industrial filtration, a stirring bar stirs the slurry while the liquid passes through the filter. After the last of the liquid is gone, the stirring bar pushes the solid out of the vessel. But there is always a layer at the bottom that the stirring bar doesn't reach, & that is the heel |
| HEEL EFFECT (Imaging Diag.) | Phenomen caused by equipment that makes difficult the visualization of small anatomic structures in images |
| HELICASE | An enzyme that binds ahead of the replicating fork in the discontinuous repli cation of DNA & that catalyzes the energy- depending unwinding of the duplex. The enzy me has ATPase activity & hydrolyzes 2 mole cules of ATP per DNA base pair broken |
| HELMINTHOLOGY | The Science of Worms |
| HELPER T LYMPHOCITES (HTL) | The class of T cells that help B cells to proliferate, differentiate, and to synthesize antibodies. They also help stimulate CTL proliferation in a similar fashion |
| HEMATOCRIT | The relative vol. of blood occupied by the erythrocytes & expressedin cubic cm per 100 cc of blood |
| HEMOCHROMATOSIS | Fe Metabolism Disorder, in which the organism absorbs excessively Fe & could lead to death |
| HEMOGLOBINOPATHY | Reduced Affinity of patient's Hemoglobin for Oxygen. |
| HEMOGLOBINOPATHY | Pathological condition characterized by decreased affinity of hemoglobin for Oxygen |
| HEMOLYSIS | Lysis of erythrocytes |
| HEMOPHILIA B | Absence or deficiency of Factor IX & is about one-fifth as common rel. to hemophilia A |
| HEMORRHAGIC STROKE DUE TO CAA | Deposition of amyloid fibrils in the cerebral vasculature can lead to the development of hemorrhagic stroke. Hemorrhagic stroke remains a largely untreatable disease often undiagnosed until autopsy. It ranges in severity from asymptomatic amyloid deposition in otherwise normal cerebral vessels to situations where progressive invasion of the vascular wall by amyloid fibril leads to lobar hemorrhaging. Hemorrhagic stroke due to CAA represents approximately 7 % of all strokes and the incidence will increase as the population ages. Incidentally, some patients who have Alzheimer's Disease may also develop hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This disease is considered the only major type of stroke without either preventive or acute treatment. The only known intervention for hemorrhagic stoke due to cerebral amyloid angiopahty is avoidance of anticoagulants and anti-platelets agents. Seventy to 80 % of lobar hemorrhages are not fatal in their first occurrence, providing the opportunity for therapeutic intervention. However, recurrent lobar hemorrhages are frequent (10 % per year) and carry high morbidity and mortality rates. |
| HEMOSTATIC DEVICES | are used to control bleeding during surgeries to ensure effective closure of surgical wounds and to avoid serious or life-threatening complications which include; blood loss, tissue damage, infection and excessive scarring |
| HEPARIN | Heparin was one of the first biopolymeric drugs and is one of only a few commercial carbohydrate drugs. It is an endogenous polysaccharide, expressed mostly in mast cells (noncirculating white blood cells). Pharmaceutical heparin is isolated from mast cells obtained from pig mucosa. Heparin is a polydisperse mixture having an average molecular weight corresponding to about 80 saccharide units. Heparin and other HLGAGs are highly variable structurally, in terms of both their sequence and their length. |
| HEPAROSANS | Large heparan sulfate precursors. Heparosans are nonsulfated polysaccharides that are less highly charged than heparin or heparan sulfate, making them easier to analyze |
| HEPATORENAL SYNDROME | combined liver and kidney failure; usually caused by serious injury to the liver associated with hemorrhage, chock, and acute renal insufficiency |
| HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA | Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder (autosomal dominant) that leads to acute attacks of localized swelling and inflammation. The prevalence of hereditary angioedema is believed to be between 1/10,000 and 1/50,000 people worldwide. HAE is caused by the deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), a molecule that inhibits kallikrein and other serine proteases in the blood. HAE is characterized by acute episodic attacks of edema (swelling) in body parts, most notably the hands, feet, face, and abdomen. In the case of an attack that effects the airway passages, HAE can be life-threatening. Abdominal attacks are often associated with bouts of severe pain, nausea, and vomiting caused by swelling in the intestinal wall. |
| HEREDITARY TYROSINEMIA TYPE 1 | This disease makes it difficult for the body to break down the amino acid tyrosine, resulting in the formation and accumulation of harmful substances in the body. The disease is usually diagnosed at a young age and in most cases results in the death of the child unless treatment is begun at an early stage. |
| HERNIA | occurs from weakening of the muscular walls (usually of the abdomen/groin area) resulting in the underlying organs protruding through this weakness. |
| HIGH PRODUCTION VOLUME CHEMICALS | Substances made in amount exceeding 1 million lb/year |
| HIGH THROUGHPUT EXPERIMENTATION | "the accelerated completion of two or more experimental stages in a concerted and integrated fashion." High-throughput experimentation incorporates a variety of different technologies, of which combinatorial chemistry is sometimes one. |
| HIPPOCAMPAL LTP (See Abbrev.) | Measure of learning & memory function |
| HIPPURYC ACID | Ph-CO-NH-CH2-CO2H |
| HIRSUTISM | Excessive growth of facial or body hair in women |
| HISTOLOGY | The branch of anatomy that deals with the structure & the properties of tissues, as examined by staining & microscopy |
| HLGAG (Abbrev.) | HLGAGs are made up of disaccharide repeat units containing one glucosamine and one uronic acid. The disaccharide units can be modified at four positions. Two carbon atoms on each glucosamine ring and one carbon on each uronic acid ring can potentially be oxysulfated, and one glucosamine carbon can be either N-acetylated or N-sulfated. Together, these possible modifications lead to the 32 possible disaccharide units found in HLGAGs--making their "information density" considerably higher than that of proteins or DNA |
| HODGKIN'S DISEASE | A malignant disorder characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue |
| HOMEOSTASIS | 1. The constancy of the internal environment of an organism; the steady state with res pect to functions, tissues & fluids of the organism 2. The processes involved in the regulation & maintenance of the internal environment of an organism |
| HORMONE | A regulatory substance that is synthesized by specialized cells of an orga nisn, that is active at low concn., & that exerts its effect either on all of the cells of the organism or only on certain cells in specific organs. Hormones act by binding to macromolecular receptors that are located either on the cell mem brane or inside responsive cells. Hormones have three major functions: (a) A integrative function that deals with the interrelations between different hormones & with the interrelations between hormones & the nervous sys tem, the blood flow, the blood pressure & other factors. (b) A morphogenetic function that deals with the control of the type & rate of growth of various tissues & (c) A regulatory function that deals with the maintenance of a constant inter nal environment with respect to the intra- & extracellular fluids. An animal hormone is a substance such as protein, peptide or steroid that is secreted principally ny an endocrine gland & that is transported by way of the circulation to target organs or tissues; there the hormone exerts its effect either directly or indirectly & helps to regulate such overall physiological pro cesses as metabolism, growth, & reproduction. A plant hormone is an organic compd. that controls growth or some other function at a site removed from its place of prodn. in the plant. Five major types of plant hormones have been identified: - Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellin, Abscisic acid & Ethylene. All of the plant hormones are pleiotropic; that is, they have multiple effects |
| HPDE (See Abbrevn.) | C6F5-CO-C6H4-O-C6H4-OH |
| HTML DOCUMENT | Document Written in HyperText Markup Language |
| HUMORAL IMMUNITY | Immunity that is due to circulating antibodies in the blood & antibodies secre ted onto mucous surfaces in contrast to cellular immunity; it involves extrace llular phases of infection & is associated with B lymphocytes |
| HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE | It is a neurological hereditary disease. The neurons of certain brain areas dye, which causes unvoluntary body movements & progressive dementia. Children of father & mother with the disease have a 50% chance of getting the disease. Generally, the disease manifests itself at 35-40 years age. But in every generation, the disease appears earlier. Symptoms: At initial stage, the unvoluntary body movements are almost unperceptible. With time, they become more evident. In some cases, they affect all the body; making simple activities like seating & eating difficult. The mental changes are gradual, starting with irritability & lack of interest in routine activities. Immediately, the patient losses control of his impulses. At the advanced stage, there is total loss of memory. Genetics: The genetic mutation responsible for disease was identified in 80's decade. The mutant gene is in chromosome 4 |
| HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE | Respiratory Distress Syndrome in PreMature Infants |
| HYBRIDIZATION | A technique for assessing the extent of sequence homology between single strands of nucleic acids. The technique is based on allowing the polynucleotide strands to form double-helical segments through hydrogen-bonding between complementary base pairs. The greater the extent of complementarity between the strands, the greater is the extent of formation of double-helical segments. The polynucleotide strands may be those of single-stranded nucleic acids or they may be derived from denatured double stranded nucleic acids. The hybrids formed can be of the DNA/DNA, RNA/RNA or DNA/RNA type |
| HYCLATE | Salt (Pharma.)=HydroChloride.1/2EtOH.1/2H2O |
| HYDANTOINASE | Enzyme that converts hydantoins to carbamoyl aminoacids |
| HYDROCARBON SWEETENING | Sulfur Compd Removal Process |
| HYDROCARBYL | Organic Monovalent Group contg. only H & C |
| HYDROCODONE | Narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. Pharmacological action: analgesics, opioid, antitussive agents, narcotics. Chemical name: Morphinan-6-one, 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methyl |
| HYDRODESULFURIZATION (HDS) | Conversion of sulfur-contg molecules (present in heavy crude oil, petroleum) to volatile hydrogen sulfide |
| HYDROGENASE | an enzyme that makes molecular hydrogen from two electrons and two protons |
| HYDROMORPHONE | Synonyms:4,5a-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one, dihydromorphinone, Dimorphone, Hydromorphone, Morphinan-6-one, 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methyl-, (5.alpha.)-, Novolaudon |
| HYPERALGESIA | An increased response to a stimulus that is normally painful. Please note two considerations. One is the absence of the word noxious in the definition, because of difficulties in its use. The second is the inclusion of some features of allodynia in the definition. Many cases of hyperalgesia have features of allodynia. The term allodynia pertains when there is not an increased response to a stimulus that normally provokes pain. However, when there is also a response of increased pain to a stimulus that normally is painful, hyperalgesia is the appropriate word. With allodynia the stimulus and the response are in different modes, whereas with hyperalgesia they are in the same mode |
| HYPERCALCEMIA | An excess of calcium in the blood; can be caused by cancerous destruction of bone tissue. |
| HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA | Genetically inherited metabolic defect in humans that is characterized by elevated levels of plasma cholesterol & by accelerated atherosclerosis; it is caused by a deficiency of functional LDL receptors on cells & surfaces. Due to this deficiency, the entry of cholesterol into cells is impaired, intracellular feedback on cholesterol biosynthesis is lacking, & cholesterol synthesis in the liver & other tissues is excessive. The genetic defects are of 3 types: (a) Lack of receptors for LDL & hence no binding of LDL (b) Decreased binding of LDL to the receptors (c) Normal binding of LDL to the receptors but no internalization of LDL |
| HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROME | The precise cause or trigger for HES in patients who don’t have the FIP1L1/PDGFRA gene mutation is often unknown. Some patients, however, have been shown to have an increased number of abnormal T-lymphocytes, a type of immune blood cell, which produce high levels of interleukin-5.[2] While there is no cure[2] and the clinical effects of HES can vary greatly from patient to patient, the disease is often managed long term with a combination of drugs frequently including corticosteroids, such as prednisone.[8] |
| HYPERHIDROSIS | Excessive sweating |
| HYPERINSULINEMIA | See COMPENSATORY HYPERINSULINEMIA |
| HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA | Disorders of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism can lead to abnormal elevations of blood Phe levels, also called hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). Two inborn errors of metabolism, phenylketonuria (PKU) and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency, account for the majority of cases of HPA |
| HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA | The presence of excessive amounts of phosphate in blood |
| HYPERURICEMIA | Hyperuricemia (abnormal elevation of serum uric acid levels) is the single most common abnormality seen in patients with TLS who develop severe metabolic abnormalities which may lead to acute renal failure. Ultimately, if left untreated, hyperuricemia and TLS can lead to acute kidney failure7,11. Destroyed tumor cells release their intracellular contents, inducing electrolytes, nucleic acids, proteins, and their metabolites into the circulation at a more rapid rate than the kidneys are able to remove them, leading to metabolic abnormalities that can cause renal failure2. The purines released undergo accelerated catabolism, resulting in increased uric acid,8 which is soluble at physiologic pH (7.4). At acidic pH, uric acid crystals can form and deposit in the kidneys, joints, and other soft tissues. When uric acid crystals form in the renal tubules and collecting ducts, where the normal urine pH is around 5.0, obstruction, inflammation, and/or damage to the kidney tissues may occur.10 When uric acid crystals deposit in the joints, they can cause joint pain and inflammation.10 |
| HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIA | A deficiency of cholesterol in the blood |
| HYPONATREMIA | decreased concentration of sodium in the blood |
| HYPOTHALAMUS | Basal part of the brain |
| HYPOXIA | Low Oxygen Concn. |
| IATROCHEMIST | Alchemist who dabbled in the prepn. of medicines |
| IDIOPATHIC | Denoting a disease of unknown cause |
| IDIOPATHIC ORBITAL INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME | Printer-Friendly Email This Discuss This From Medscape Ophthalmology Viewpoints Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome Posted 01/10/2008 Rod Foroozan, MD Author Information Information from Industry Assess clinically focused product information on Medscape. Click Here for Product Infosites -- Information from Industry. Introduction Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome (IOIS), also known as orbital pseudotumor, is one of the most common acute orbital processes.[1] The pathogenesis of IOIS remains unclear, but the clinical findings have been well-described and may include orbital signs of proptosis, diplopia, decreased vision from optic neuropathy or choroidal folds, and conjunctival injection. Depending on the specific structure involved, IOIS may be further characterized as myositis, dacryoadenitis, or optic perineuritis. The diagnosis of IOIS is most commonly made on a clinical basis, often in combination with orbital imaging studies; however, in some patients biopsy is required to exclude other orbitopathies that may cause similar symptoms. Idiopathic Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome: Clinical Features and Outcomes Swamy BN, McCluskey P, Nemet A, et al Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91:1667-1670 Summary The authors of this retrospective case series reviewed the records of 24 patients with biopsy-proven IOIS to characterize the clinical features and outcomes and compare them with the results of orbital biopsy. Although 98 patients with IOIS were initially included, orbital biopsy was required as an inclusion criterion and that limited the number to 24. Presenting symptoms and signs in the 24 patients included pain (N = 14), swelling or mass effect (N = 19), diplopia (N = 9), proptosis (N = 15), and decreased vision (N = 5). The histopathologic findings included classic changes of IOIS (N = 9), sclerosing changes (N = 13), vasculitic changes (N = 1), and granulomatous changes (N = 1). There did not appear to be a correlation with the clinical findings and the results of orbital biopsy. Treatments included oral steroids in the majority, as well as methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenalate, and cyclosporine. Recurrence of IOIS occurred in 42% of patients. Comment IOIS is often a diagnosis that is dependent on the clinical circumstances. In many patients an orbital biopsy is not required. The requirement of biopsy may have caused selection bias in this study. Those who underwent biopsy may have been more likely to have atypical findings or IOIS that was less likely to respond to oral steroids. Of note, there was no correlation between the histopathologic findings and clinical course in this group of 24 patients. Traditionally, patients with the sclerosing form of IOIS have been thought to have more treatment-resistant disease with a poorer prognosis.[2] This study did not show that the sclerosing form of IOIS had a worse prognosis. It also showed a higher rate of recurrence for the classic type of IOIS. |
| ILEUS | Acute or chronic Intestine closing & paralysis |
| IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA | Adult Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a chronic and potentially serious autoimmune disorder characterized by low platelet counts in the blood, a condition known as thrombocytopenia. A normal platelet range for a person without ITP is 150,000 - 400,000 platelets per microliter of blood. The risk of a bleeding event increases when platelet counts drop to less than 30,000 platelets per microliter. With ITP, platelets are destroyed by the patient's own immune system. ITP has historically been considered a disease of platelet destruction; however, recent data also suggest that the body's natural platelet production processes are unable to compensate for low platelet counts in the blood. Increasing the rate of platelet production may address low platelet counts associated with ITP. |
| IMMUNOCYTOKINES (Oncology) | Fusion Protein of - AntiBody Protein & - Cytokine Protein |
| IMMUNOLOGY | The science that deals with resistance to disease |
| INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE | is the term generally applied to two diseases, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease |
| INHERITABLE GENETIC MODIFICATION | Any biomedical intervention that can be expected to modify the genome that a person can transfer to his or her offspring (AAAS) |
| INIMER | BiFunctional Monomer: 1) Function = Polymerizable MonoMER 2) Function = Polymn. INItiator. |
| INK JET CONTINUOUS PROCESS | Where ink under pressure forms a stream of droplets that are directed into place |
| INK JET DROP-ON-DEMAND PROCESS | Ink is released as needed. Drop-on-demand technologies can regulate ink pressure through electrical & mechanical means, such as piezoelectric print heads, or by temperature, where heat generates vapor bubbles to force ink droplets through the nozzles |
| INORGANIC SUNSCREEN | TiO2. ZnO. Work by reflecting & scattering UV light. ZnO offers better UV-A protection than TiO2 |
| INSTRUÇOES | INSTRUÇOES EM CASO DE FALECIMENTO. 1. MINHAS CONTAS. 1.1. Conta Mensal De Hospedagem Do Meu Site. - Valor: R$ 103.00 - Vencimento: Dia 23 De Cada Mes - WebBusiness Av. Faria Lima 1768 6D Fone: 3812 4844 Contato: Noris Filho - PAGAMENTO: CONTINUAR PAGANDO (no Itau) (*) 1.2. Conta Anual de Registro de Endereço do meu Site Na Internet - Valor: US$ 35.00 - Vencimento: Fevreiro de Cada Ano. - PAGAMENTO: CONTINUAR PAGANDO (PAGAR EM DEZEMBRO) (*) - Instruções Para Pagamento OnLine . Entrar no Endereço: directNIC.com . Prencher Username: tomasw Password: 9644tm . Dar Enter . Clicar en "Domain Renewals" . Clicar en "Auto Renew" . Pagar con Carton de Credito . Solicitar Asistencia do FABIO OU SARA 1.3. Accesso a INTERNET - Proveedor Terra: R$ 9.90 dia 10 de cada mes em debito automatico no Itau - SPEEDY embutido na Conta Telefonica em debito automatico no Itau. PAGAMENTO: Deixou a seu criterio si se quer continuar pagando ou não. Lembrei se que si se cancela se perde o E-Mail E-Mail: p48n@terra.com.br Senha: 110104. 2. TESTAMENTO (DESEJO) SOBRE NEU PATRIMONIO [Contas Merrill Lynch (Suiza) e UBS (Alemanha)] 2.1. Procuração na ML é VALIDA tambem Apos minha Morte. 2.2. 250,000 US$ Doar para Universidad Hebrai ca de Jerusalem. Instruções de como proceder (ver abaixo) (shocharim.huji.ac.il/en/) 2.3. Resto Fica P Voce |
| INSULIN RESISTANCE | the inability of muscle, fat, and liver cells to absorb glucose in response to insulin, leading to excess glucose in the blood |
| INTERFEROMETER (FTIR SPECTROMETER) | At the heart of FTIR instruments is an interferometer that modulates radiation by splitting a beam of light from a source and then recombining the two beams in such a way that intensity variations in the combined beam are related to differences in the paths traveled by the two "halves." The path-length differences are commonly controlled by reflecting half of the light from a fixed mirror and the other half from a moving mirror, as is done, for example, in instruments based on the 100-year-old Michelson interferometer design. Michelson interferometers work quite well, Manning noted, but they require precise motion of the moving mirror. They also require the moving mirror to remain perfectly perpendicular to the light source. Small imperfections in the alignment of the interferometer components detract from the device's optical performance and ultimately lead to photometric instability, weak spectral signals, and poor signal-to-noise ratios. And although instrument manufacturers have worked out various solutions to satisfy the stringent requirements, the common commercial designs may not perform well in rapid-scanning measurements. |
| INTERNET BROWSER | Software package used to view pages on the World Wide Web (including Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer and Mosaic |
| INTRAOPERATIVE LYMPHATIC MAPPING | Solid tumor cancers such as breast, melanoma, lung, colorectal and head-and-neck cancer frequently spread via the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system (also known as the immune system) is an important network of channels and filters that make up the body's main line of defense against disease. Lymph channels contain a clear, watery fluid that contains white blood cells, called lymphocytes, which fight infection and disease. Along the network are bean-shaped organs called lymph nodes or glands. These nodes are responsible for the manufacture and storage of the disease- or infection-fighting lymphocytes. Lymph nodes are clustered in the neck, under the arms, in the groin and abdomen and may swell and become tender when the body is fighting infection (such as in strep throat). The body has thousands of lymph nodes that are connected via the lymphatic system and collectively harness the body's defenses. The lymphatic system provides a vital function in fighting disease; however, this intricate network also creates an ideal pathway for cancer cells to travel and spread. When a person develops a malignant tumor, usually it is not the primary tumor itself that ultimately kills a person. Rather, death is caused by the spread of the cancer to vital organs such as the liver, brain or lungs. It is generally thought that the spread of cancer is caused by the migration (or draining) of tumor cells from the initial tumor to nearby lymph nodes and eventually to other vital sites via the lymphatic system. Cancer surgeons and medical oncologists believe the determination of whether a patient's primary tumor has spread to the lymph nodes is a major determinant of a patient's long-term prognosis. The spread of cancer to the patient's lymph nodes is established by the examination of the nodes by pathology to determine if tumor cells are present. If tumor cells are determined to be present in the lymph nodes, the patient's stage or severity of disease is increased. The staging of the cancer establishes the post-surgery treatment protocol for the patient. In the case of breast cancer, standard therapy typically involves the surgical removal of the primary tumor followed by a determination whether the cancer has spread to a patient's lymphatic system. The determination of the spread of disease is accomplished by removing nearby lymph nodes for biopsy. Prior to intraoperative lymphatic mapping ("ILM") described below, it was not uncommon for a surgeon to remove virtually all (~20-30) of the lymph nodes in the surrounding area (a process known as auxiliary node dissection). This radical, and often unnecessary, procedure caused a large number of patients to experience significant complications following surgery while producing a high percentage of inconclusive pathology results. In melanoma and colorectal cancers, the staging of solid tumors is even more complicated as it is often difficult to identify and then locate which of the nearby lymph nodes are potentially involved and draining from the tumor site. The surgeon may remove too many "clean"lymph nodes unnecessarily or fail to remove a cancerous lymph node that later leads to the spread of disease. Better solutions are clearly needed for identifying the pathway from the cancer to the lymphatic system and in isolating the initial spread of disease to the lymph nodes. Intraoperative Lymphatic Mapping (ILM) In an ILM procedure, a radioactive tracing agent is injected at the site of the primary tumor. Following injection, the tracing agent follows the drainage path of the tumor to the nearest lymph node or nodes, referred to as the "sentinel node(s)."A gamma detection device is used to detect the path of the tracing agent. Since the lymph nodes are connected, oncologists believe that if the sentinel nodes show no sign of malignancy, then the downstream nodes in the pathway are likely to be clear of disease. As such, the removal of other nearby lymph nodes would be clinically unnecessary. Therefore, the ability to rapidly locate and biopsy sentinel nodes provides vital information to the physician in determining if the cancer has spread or if it is localized to the site of the primary tumor. |
| INTRATHECAL | (Science: anatomy) within a sheath, for example, cerebrospinal fluid that is contained within the dura mater. It also refers to drugs administered into the cerebrospinal fluid bathing the spinal cord and brain. |
| INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND | Technique in which a tiny ultrasound probe is inserted into the coronary arteries to determine the change in plaque during treat. |
| INTRON | A noncoding DNA sequence within a gene that is initially transcribed into messenger RNA but is later snipped out. See Coding, DNA, Messenger RNA, Transcription DNA sequence that interrupts the protein-coding sequence of a gene; an intron is transcribed into RNA but is cut out of the message before it is translated into protein. the DNA sequence in a eukaryotic gene that is not translated into a protein |
| IONOMER | Polymer Salt |
| IONOMICS | the study of how genes regulate levels of single-element ions in cells |
| IONTOPHORESIS | Process in which, ELECTRICAL CURRENT is used for the "on-demand" delivery of pharma. drugs across the skin |
| IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME | It is a chronic FUNCTIONAL disorder of digestive tract. The term "functional" characterizes diseases in which there is no evidence of morphological or structural changes. Various articles show that bowel reactivity is related to foods in general & not to any food in particular. There is no specific treatment for the syndrome. Emotional factors should not be considered the cause of the syndrome; but emotional factors may increase the symptoms Symptoms: - Gas excessive formation - Abdominal pain & spasms - Diarrhea & Constipation (in alternating sequence) Food dietetic recommendations - Avoid gas producing foods - Avoid milk - Avoid fructose & sorbitol - Avoid fats |
| ISATOIC ANHYDRIDE | N-Carboxyanthranilic acid, cyclic anhydride Anthranilic acid N-carboxylic acid anhydride 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2,4-dione 2H-3,1-Benzoxazine-2,4-(1H)-dione 6-chloroisatinic anhydride Isatoic anhydride Isatinic anhydride 6-Chloroisatinicanhydride |
| ISCHEMIA | Deficiency of Blood in a Tissue due to Functional Constriction of Blood Vessel |
| ISLET CELL | Pancreas Hormone-Secreting Cells |
| ISOVANILLIN | Benzene-1-OMe-2-OH-4-CHO |
| ISRAEL | CAN I SPEND SOME TIME GETTING TO KNOW ISRAEL WITHOUT ACTUALLY MOVING THERE? There are several options available to you. Many major Jewish organizations sponsor a three month Active Retirees Program in Israel. This program offers a "living experience" in Israel, usually during the winter months. Participants work at various volunteer jobs during the mornings and study Hebrew in the afternoons. Cultural and educational activities are offered in the evenings -- lectures, folkdancing, home hospitality, etc. Tours to various parts of the country are also included. If you are aged 50 or over, in good health, and physically capable of working, you are eligible for the Active Retirees program. Check with local chapters of organizations in your area to find out if they sponsor the program. Two week seminars are also offered occasionally by Tnuat Aliyah of the WZO Aliyah Department. Participants tour extensively, meet retirees in various parts of the country and attend workshops relating to retirement in Israel. In addition, regular pilot tours are arranged periodically. If you are interested in participating in a pilot tour, contact your local aliyah movement or shaliach. Of course, it is also possible to come on your own, rent an apartment and just try out living in Israel while investigating your options. Tourist visas can be extended for up to 27 consecutive months. Counselors at various immigrant associations offer guidance on various aspects of living in Israel (e.g. housing, health insurance) as well as various programs for retirees. They also offer a variety of other services, including counseling & support for olim experiencing "culture shock." |
| JURKAT CELLS | An Immortalized Line Of T Lymphoblast Cells |
| KALLIKREIN | One of a group of plasma serine proteases that catalyze the formation of ki nins from kininogens. Kallikrein can also initiate the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting |
| KAPPA OPIOID RECEPTOR | The .kappa. receptors have a wide distribution in CNS and mediate a spectrum of functions including the modulation of drinking, water balance, food intake, gut motility, temperature control and various endocrine functions. They also produce analgesia. ›See, for example: Leander et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 463-469, 1985; Morley et al, Peptides 4, 797-800, 1983; Manzanares et al, Neuroendocrinology 52, 200-205, 1990; and Iyengar et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 238, 429-436, 1986.! Most clinically used opioid analgesics such as morphine and codeine act as .mu. receptor agonists. These opioids have well-known, undesirable and potentially dangerous dependence forming side effects. Compounds which are .kappa.-receptor agonists act as analgesics through interaction with .kappa. opioid receptors. The advantage of these agonists over the classical .mu. receptor agonists, such as morphine, lies in their ability to cause analgesia while being devoid of morphine-like behavioral effects and addiction liability |
| KETAMINE | 2-(o-Chlorophenyl)-2-methylaminocyclohexano ne (Anesthetic) |
| KHARASCH CHEMISTRY | the combination of a polychlorinated alkane with an olefin to produce a chlorinated or hydrochlorinated alkane with the use of a transition metal compound in homogeneous solution as catalyst |
| KINASE | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from ATP, & occasionally from other nucleoside triphosphates to another compd. Any of several enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another |
| KININ | One of a group of vasoactive peptide hormones that are formed from kinino gens by the action of enzymes known as kallikreins. Kinins are potent vasodilators, leading to an increase in the diam. of blood vessels, hypotension, & increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is a nonapeptide & kallidin (lysyl bradykinin) is a decapeptide |
| KININOGENASE | Kallikrein |
| KINUGASA REACTION | Beta-Lactam prepn. through coupling of alkynes with nitrones |
| KNOCK IN MICE | TransGenic Mice with Increased Human Gene Activity |
| KNOCK OUT MICE | TransGenic Mice in which Function of Human Gene of Interest is Deleted |
| KONDO RESONANCE (electronics) | a strong correlation between the spin on the cobalt ion and the spins of the electrons in the electrodes. |
| KRAFT PROCESSING | high-temperature and high-pressure procedures in which wood chips are digested in caustic sulfurous solutions. |
| KRILL | generic term used to designate all deepwater marine planktonic crustacean species. It looks like miniature shrimp, ranging between one and six centimeters in length. These 85 species represents the planet's most abundant animal biomass found in banks that may extend over several square kilometers. Krill fisheries can mainly be found in two ocean regions: the Antarctic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, along the Canadian and Japanese coasts. According to a World Health Organization estimate, the total quantity of krill in these two oceans exceeds 500 million tons. Approximately 110,000 tons of krill are harvested every year, or about less than one-half of 0.1% of the existing resources. |
| KROLL PROCESS | At present, titanium is produced by a pyrometallurgical reduction batch process known as the Kroll process. The Kroll process involves chlorinating titanium dioxide to produce titanium tetrachloride. TiCl4 is then reduced to the metal with metallic magnesium |
| LACCASE | polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.2) which catalyses the oxidation of a variety of inorganic and aromatic compounds, particularly phenols, with the concomitant reduction of molecular oxygen to water. |
| LACTOFERRIN | Iron binding protein of very high affinity (Kd 10exp 19 at pH 6.4, 26 fold greater than that of transferrin) found in milk and in the specific granules of neutrophil leucocytes |
| LADDERANE | A chain of fused cyclobutane rings |
| LANGERHANS CELL | Skin cells that modulate immune response |
| LANGERHAUS CELL | See Islet Cells. Pancreas cells that produce insulin |
| LANTIBIOTICS | Peptide-based compds produced by bacteria that live on lactic acid. They are characterized by the presence of rings formed by 2 unusual double-headed amino acids - lanthionine & methyllanthionine that contain thioether bridges |
| LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS | Hypothalamus's region involved in Appetite stimulation |
| LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST SYSTEM | A left ventricular assist system (LVAS) is a medical device designed to treat end-stage congestive heart failure. An LVAS can be implanted inside the body or reside outside of the body. It typically consists of a pump and several accessories or components to support the pump. An LVAS is a mechanical pump intended to assist a weak heart that cannot efficiently pump blood on its own. By decreasing the workload of the heart, it helps to maintain sufficient blood flow and blood pressure. |
| LEGIONNAIRES DISEASE | Legionnaires´ Disease is caused by Legionella pneumophila and is characterized as an acute febrile respiratory illness ranging in severity from mild illness to fatal pneumonia. The disease occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms and sporadic cases are not easily differentiated from other respiratory infections by clinical symptoms. Legionella pneumophila is responsible for 80 - 90 % of reported cases of Legionella infection with serogroup 1 accounting for greater than 70 % of all legionellosis |
| LENNOX GASTAUT SYNDROME | A rare and catastrophic form of epilepsy, LGS is characterized by several seizure types and represents approximately three to 10 percent of all childhood epilepsies.3 Onset typically occurs between three and 10 years of age. Drop attacks are frequent in LGS and responsible for most injuries associated with falls. Up to 90 percent of children with LGS are affected by mental retardation and these children commonly experience behavioral and sleep disturbances as well |
| LENTIVIRUS | complex retroviruses which, based on their higher level of complexity, can integrate into the genome of nonproliferating cells and modulate their life cycles, as in the course of latent infection |
| LEPROSY | Leprosy is an infectious disease that has been known since biblical times. It is characterized by disfiguring skin sores, peripheral nerve damage, and progressive debilitation |
| LEUCITE | Crystalline K Al Silicate [K2O.Al2O3.4SiO2] |
| LEUKOPENIA | An Abnormal Decrease in Number of Circulating White Blood Cells. In the majority of cases; the problem appears due to ingestion of chemical toxic substances that affect the bone marrow, where these cells are produced. Particularly the NEUTROPHILE cells are affected; responsible for defending the organism against pathogenic bacteria. Due to this, individual suffering from leukopenia, & that produces < than 1000 neutrophiles/cubic.ml develops infections with facility |
| LEUKOPHERESIS | Lymphocyte Removal from Patients |
| LEWY BODIES | One such thesis concerns the identity of the toxic agent in Parkinson's disease. For years, most researchers have backed the notion that clumps of long amyloid fibrils located in the brain and other organs are responsible for killing neurons and other cells in patients who have these conditions. in Parkinson's, they're called Lewy bodies and contain the protein alpha-synuclein. |
| LG | Querido Tommy, Eu gostaria de te dizer algo: durante estes anos todos eu tenho vivido uma vida extremamente correta e transparente e nunca fui falada em qualquer lugar por qualquer deslize de caráter ou de atitude. Em pouco tempo fui colocada no centro de sua vida familiar como foco de todos os seus problemas familiares entre você e sua mulher. Sua mulher tem meu telefone, liga na minha casa, diz que vai ao Lar fazer escândalo, sendo que eu tenho sido apenas sua amiga e pouco nos conhecemos realmente. Nada poderia ser dito de você ou de mim em relação ao seu ou ao meu comportamento quanto a manutenção de seu contrato matrimonial e de respeito conjugal com a pessoa com quem vive. De um minuto para o outro eu tenho sido o centro das atenções de sua casa, das terapias, dos momentos em que você sai de casa para tomar um cafezinho ou me acompanhar ao ponto como se eu fosse realmente o grande pivô de sua separação. Tenho desejado e tido uma vida tranquila e calma desde que me empenhei durante alguns anos para superar sérios problemas com meu desenlace, os quais felizmente saí vitoriosa. Mesmo que você se separe neste mês próximo eu tomei a seguinte decisão: tenho muito a estudar e trabalhar porque minha vida não poderá parar nesse sentido e preciso concretizar as coisas que já tenho começado e dar conta de minha existência. Não quero nem posso estar envolvida nesse rolo conjugal do qual não faço parte. Eu tenho de continuar na minha estrada pois já cheguei até aqui e não conseguiria aguentar uma mulher insegura e ferida, acusando-me com mentiras nas minhas costas, a cada cafezinho que você decidisse tomar com sua boa amiga, mesmo depois que assinasse a sua separação. Eu continuaria sendo a culpada de toda a sua separação injustamente e seria difícil para mim viver com isso. Acho que vocês dois tem que decidir como vai ser a vida de vocês daqui para a frente, ou juntos ou sozinhos e enfrentar todo esse tranco por vocês mesmos e a solidão que isso envolve, que às vezes pode ser melhor, se assumida, sem amarrar-se a ninguém por necessidade ou culpar ninguém, seguindo as suas vidas conforme suas decisões. Uma terapia de casal poderia mostrar-lhes realmente o quanto é possível continuar ou não sem ter ninguém como possível causa de seus problemas. Ajudaria a se conhecer melhor e identificar as reais causas. Daí para a frente só D'us sabe o que traz a cada um. Você continua sendo um grande amigo e uma pessoa muito querida, cheia de amor para dividir com as pessoas, e com grande espírito, mas deve deixar claro para a sua mulher que eu saí do caminho de vocês e de suas brigas e que vocês dois vão ter que dar conta de suas decisões por vocês mesmos e encarar suas vidas. Agradeço pelo lindo livro que vou guardar com carinho. Um beijo. Lili |
| LI FRAUMENI SYNDROME | cancer syndrome characterized by the inheritance of an abnormal p53 tumor suppressor. Normal p53, known as the Guardian of the Genome, suppresses cancer and tumor formation. Without p53 tumor suppression, LFS patients often develop spontaneous and widespread tumors at an early age. Frequently, multiple members of the same family suffer from this genetic disorder and there are no approved therapies to specifically treat LFS |
| LICORICE | In sanskrit, it is called sweet stalk. The Greeks named it sweet root. And the Chinese, who may have known about it the longest, dubbed it gancao, which means sweet grass. The strong, dark candy, famous to me as the fastest way to colored saliva, was prized by entire civilizations centuries before Christ. One thing is well established: Licorice--both the plant and the candy made from it--is sweet. Many fans suggest it is 50 times sweeter than table sugar, though some researchers have placed it at more than 150 times sweeter than sucrose. This intense sweetness can be traced to glycyrrhizic acid, a multipurpose molecule that consists of two sugar moieties attached to a steroidlike triterpenoid. The varied properties of the molecule have led to the surprising mix of products that hold licorice today: medicines, cough syrups, herbal supplements, gum, tobacco, drinks, and, of course, candy. Glycyrrhizic acid resides naturally in the root of the licorice plant, Glycyrrhiza glabra. A shrubby, woody-rooted plant with feathery leaves and light blue-violet flowers, it grows in the wild in many Middle Eastern, European, and western Asian countries. The branching roots grow down as far as 3 feet and out laterally up to 20 feet. The root is harvested, dried, and sold to licorice processors. They, in turn, boil and beat the extract out and repackage it as solid dark blocks, semifluid syrups, or powders. |
| LIEBESKIND-STROGL COUPLING | Inspired by the way nature uses metal-sulfur interactions in many biochemical processes, chemists at Emory University, Atlanta, have been searching for new synthetic organic methods based on metal-catalyzed transformations of thiocompounds. They've now discovered a unique palladium-catalyzed coupling of thiol esters with boronic acids to give ketones under mild conditions [ J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 11260 (2000) ]. "Because our new reaction proceeds even at pH 4.5 (in acetic acid), the conditions are very mild and will tolerate functional groups that would not survive standard cross-coupling systems," notes chemistry professor Lanny S. Liebeskind , who is also Emory's senior associate dean for science and research. His coauthor and collaborator of the past five years, senior research fellow Jiri Srogl, initiated their work on activation of sulfur-carbon bonds and metal-sulfur interactions several years ago. The Emory team's method for carbon-carbon bond formation, says Paul Reider, vice president of process research at Merck , "opens the door to the use of dual metal-mediated reactions analogous to the elegant ways in which nature uses metal-containing enzymes. We have been so impressed by the novelty and utility of the Liebeskind chemistry that we have provided research support for its study and development. Our belief is that it will provide a tool previously unavailable to the research community." Srogl (left) and Liebeskind [Photo by David Goldsmith] Stephen L. Buchwald , professor of chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, agrees there is a good chance chemists will adopt the method. The Emory researchers have demonstrated that it works on difficult examples, he notes, including thioesters that contain chloromethyl groups, trifluoromethyl groups, or heterocycles with multiple nitrogen atoms. "The reaction is mechanistically distinct from the Suzuki coupling of boronic acids and organic halides, where base is normally used," Liebeskind points out. The researchers are still exploring the mechanism, but they believe the reac-tion proceeds through a catalytically generated acylpalladium-thiolate, which is selectively activated for transmetallation from boron to palladium by copper. Other applications of the protocol are coming soon, Liebeskind says. |
| LIF | 1. Consulta Dr. Francisco 1.1. Espermograma 1.2. Cialis/Viagra.. 1.3. Sem Prostata e possivel erecao. SIM 2. Internet/Biblioteca/Hebraica - Consulta 3. Consulado Costa Rica - Consulta. 4. Verificar se 2 pessoas com relaciona mento estavel morando juntos, mas sem casamento formal podem legalmen te adotar um filho 5. Consultar SEQUENCIA com Dorothy 5.1. Comunicar que quero viver so. 5.2. Dar 1 mes de tempo 5.3. Procurar flat 5.4. Sair c/advogado 5.5. Um mes p/limpar a cabeza 5.6. Procura de mulher mais jovem 5.6.1. Pessoa de Boa Indole 5.6.2. Empatia mutua 5.6.3. No precisa ser judia. 5.7. Perguntar se e casada 5.8. Perguntar si eu convidase a sair, aceitaria 5.9. Convido a sair 5.10. Fase de Conhecimento 5.11. Dase de Namoro c/Sexo.. 5.12. Na hora de assumir compromiso de rel. estavel conversar si pessoa gosta de criancas/ filhos. |
| LIGHT EMITTING DIODE | A p-n junction solid-state diode whose radiated output is a function of its physical construction, material used & exciting current. The output may be in the IR or in the visible region |
| LIPID RAFTS | Separate lipid domains within membranes |
| LIPOSOME | Membrane-bound vesicle formed by dispersion of phospholipid in aq. salt solutions |
| LIQUID CRYSTAL | organic compound whose properties appear to be fluid and crystalline simultaneously |
| LITHOGRAPHIC PLATE | means a support covered with a coating which, after being suitably exposed and developed, is used, as a planographic matrix, in printing processes wherein there is differeritial partition between fatty substances and water |
| LITHOTRIPSY | Urinary Calculi Destruction |
| LIVING POLYMERIZATION | Living polymerizations--whether anionic, cationic, or radical--are defined as chain polymerizations from which irreversible chain transfer and chain termination are absent. In conventional polymerizations, chains terminate when reactive intermediates are destroyed or rendered inactive. In living polymerizations, reactive intermediates are either active or dormant. Control of living polymerizations is achieved through the selection of the amounts and types of reactants needed to prepare polymers with desirable features. |
| LOGIC GATES | elementary computing circuits known as logic gates--which typically are constructed from combinations of FETs |
| LONG QT SYNDROME (Cardiology) | A form of cardiac toxici ty, long QT syndrome disrupts the normal activation & inactivation of electrical currents that control heart ventricles, leading to arrythmia. More than 60 drugs are known or suspected to cause long QT syndrome. Most cases have been traced to blockage of a K ion channel encoded by hERG. |
| LOU GEHRIG S DISEASE | Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis |
| LUMINOL | Compound used as a bystander substrate in assaying the metabolic activation of leucocytes by chemiluminescence. When oxidized by the myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide system, it emits light. |
| LUPUS NEPHRITIS | Lupus nephritis is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) and is characterized by inflammation of the kidneys. Patients with lupus nephritis typically have damage to the glomerulus and progressive loss of kidney function. In the U.S., SLE affects 1 person in 2000, with higher rates among women and among individuals with African, Asian, and Hispanic genetic heritage. Published studies estimate that clinical renal involvement occurs in at least 30% of those with SLE |
| LUPUS VULGARIS | Skin Tuberculosis |
| LUTEINIZING HORMONE | A gonadotropic protein hormone, secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituita ry gland, that stimulates the final ripening & rupture of the ovarian follicles & the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; it also stimulates the prodn. of testosterone in the male |
| LYMPH NODE METASTASIS | Non-Lymph Node Primary Tumor Metastasis to Lymph Node |
| LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS | The disease is caused by parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. The worms populate lymphatic vessels, causing the disfigurement called elephantiasis and imposing enormous economic, social, and personal burdens on its victims. |
| LYMPHOCYTOSIS | Peripheral Lymphocyte Release from Lymph Nodes |
| LYOPHILIZATION | rapid freezing of a material at a very low temperature followed by rapid dehydration by sublimation in a high vacuum. |
| MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS | One of a number of antibiotics, such as erythromycin & oleandomycin, that are similar in their structure, action, & antimicrobial spectrum, & that are characterized by having a large lactone ring that contains anywhere from 14-20 C atoms; produced by various strains of "Streptomyces" & inhibit protein synthesis |
| MACULAR DEGENERATION | Eye's disease caused by abnormal growth of blood vessels in macula area. The new blood vessels are very fragile, start to bulge, leak blood & fluid, lifting the retina off its membrane & ultimately leading to blindness. |
| MAGNESITE | MgCO3. |
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY | a non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal blood vessel anatomy. The technique is used routinely in carotid and cerebral angiography, as well as for studies of other vascular structures. |
| MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | a technique widely used in the diagnosis of central nervous system disorders and a variety of diseases. MRI is a non-invasive procedure and provides clear, vibrant images that enable physicians to diagnose and manage disease. This technique uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to generate images of the body in 2-D and 3-D. |
| MAGNETITE | The mineral form of black iron oxide, Fe3O4, that often occurs with magnesium, zinc, and manganese and is an important ore of iron. |
| MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID | Fluid which turns into paste upon application of magnetic field |
| MAILLARD REACTION | Reaction of Amino group of Aminoacid or Peptides with Carbonyl of Reducing Sugars resulting in Schiff base |
| MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA | Rapid onset of extremely high fever with muscle rigidity occurring during the administration of general anesthesia |
| MALIGNIN | 10,000 Dalton polypeptide which has been found to be present in most malignant cells regardless of cell type or location (refs.1 to 8). Unlike tests such as CEA , which measure less well-defined antigens whose serum levels tend to be inconstant but elevated late in the disease, the AMAS test measures a well-defined antibody whose serum levels rise early in the course of the disease. In some cases, the AMAS test has been positive (elevated) early , i.e. 1 to 19 months before clinical detection. |
| MASTER CLONE | are circular pieces of DNA (plasmids) that, when engineered into cells, induce those cells to express the corresponding protein. |
| MATRIPTASE | Enzyme belonging to group of: Transmembrane Serine Protease & associated with cancer |
| MCLG (Abbreviation) | Indicates maximum level at which contaminant in drinking water is believed to be safe |
| MeCBS | to 3,3-diphenyl-1-methyltetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrrolo-[1,2-c][1.3.2]oxazaborole |
| MEDICAL FOOD | In 1988, the FDA defined a medical food as a food administered under the supervision of a physician and intended for the specific dietary management of a disease for which distinctive nutritional requirements are established |
| MELAS SYNDROME | Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes MELAS is a progressive and fatal disorder with no known treatments. The earliest symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, recurrent headaches and seizures. The reported age of onset varies between 3 and 40 years, with most patients presenting between the ages of 5 to 15 years. The syndrome can manifest as stroke-like episodes in patients under 20 years of age. Seizures, dementia, impaired muscular function and neurodegeneration can be observed as the disease progresses. MELAS patients also have high glucose levels and approximately 30 percent have Type 2 Diabetes. MELAS is caused by a point mutation in mitochondrial DNA, leading to the development of poorly functioning mitochondria, which supply cellular energy. The diagnosis can be confirmed through genetic testing. |
| MELPHALAN | 4-[Bis(2-ChloroEthyl)Amino]-L-PhenylAlanine. HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-C6H4-N(CH2CH2Cl)2. AntiNeoplastic |
| MENINGOCOCCEMIA | Bloodstream infection caused by "Neisseria meningitidis" bacteria & is a form of SEPSIS. Meningococcemia progresses very rapidly because bacteria release endotoxins into the blood |
| MESOGENIC | Liquid Crystalline |
| MESOTHELIOMA | Type of cancer associated with exposure to asbestos |
| MESSENGER RNA | A single-stranded RNA mole. that is synthesized during transcription, is complementary to one of the strands of double-stranded DNA, & serves to transmit the genetic information contained in DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis |
| MESSENGER RNA HYPOTHESIS | The hypothesis, proposed by Jacob & Monod, that the RNA mole. serves as the template for the synthesis of proteins; this RNA mole., the mRNA, is transcribed from DNA, has a base seq. that is complementary to that of one of the strands of duplex DNA, & carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes where the proteins are synthesized |
| META-1,1,3,3-TMXDI (See Abbrev.) | Benzene-1,3-Di[C(Me)2-NCO] |
| META-ISOPROPENYL-ALPHA,ALPHA-DI-Me BENZYL ISOCYANA | Benzene-1-[C(Me)2-NCO]-3-[C(Me)=CH2] |
| METABOLIC SYNDROME | The metabolic syndrome is a set of disorders that significantly increases the risk of heart disease. Its biochemical underpinnings are tremendously complicated and are still being worked out. What's certain now is that among its major components are excess weight, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia (high levels of triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoproteins in the blood, leading to buildup of plaque in blood vessel walls), and insulin resistance (the inability of muscle, fat, and liver cells to absorb glucose in response to insulin, leading to excess glucose in the blood). Each is a risk factor for heart disease, but a person with several of these disorders--that is, a person with the metabolic syndrome--is vastly more at risk. |
| METABOLISM | 1. The sum total of all the chemical & physical changes that occur in a living system, which may be a cell, tissue, organ, or organism. The reac tions of metabolism are almost all enzyme-catalyzed & include transforma tions of nutrients, excretion of waste prodts., energy transformations, synth etic & degradative processes, & all the other functions of a living orga nism. Metabolism is broadly divided into ANABOLISM, which encompa sses the synthetic reactions & CATABOLISM, which encompasses the degradative reactions 2. The sum total of all the chemical & physical changes in a living system with respect to one class of compds., as in "aminoacid metabolism" |
| METABOLISM-DIRECTED DRUG OPTIMIZATION | To improve the compounds' duration of action, authors identified principal sites associated with their metabolic breakdown. By eliminating or blocking such sites while maintaining elements critical for potency - a process called metabolism-directed optimization - they found several thrombin inhibitors that exhibited good oral bioavailability and improved half-lives in preclinical studies |
| METABOLOMICS | The InterDisciplinary Study Of Metabolites |
| METABONOMICS | measurement of the complete metabolic response of an organism to an environmental stimulus or genetic modification. Some people use the term metabolomics to refer to metabonomics at the level of a single cell type, rather than a larger system. |
| METAMATERIALS | are composites designed to have a negative index of refraction, which imparts the extraordinary capability to bend light away from or around an object made from or coated with the material. These composites could lead to lenses that permit optical imaging at the molecular level, nanocircuits for more powerful computers, and, to the thrill of science-fiction lovers, cloaking devices that render objects invisible to the human eye |
| METHOTREXATE | 4-Amino-10-methylfolic Acid; Amethopterin. Pharma. Use: Antineoplastic; Antirheumatic. Insect chemosterilant |
| MICROCHIPS (Drug Delivery) | Microchips for delivery of a wide variety of molecules are provided. Microchips are miniaturized devices constructed using methods commonly applied to the manufacture of integrated circuits such as ultraviolet (UV) photolithography, reactive ion etching, and electron beam evaporation. The microchips provide control over the rate the molecules are released as well as the time at which release begins. The time of release can be controlled passively or actively. In the preferred embodiments, a material which is impermeable to the surrounding fluids and to the molecules to be delivered is used as the substrate. Examples of substrate materials include ceramics, semiconductors such as silicon, and degradable and non-degradable polymers. Reservoirs are etched into the substrate using either chemical (wet) etching or ion (dry) etching techniques commonly used in microfabrication. Hundreds to thousands of reservoirs can be created in this manner and contained in a single microchip. Typically, a release system containing the molecule to be delivered is inserted into the reservoirs by injection or other means. When present, the release system controls the rate of release of the molecule. The rate of release is a function of the composition and structure of the release system. However, the device design makes it possible to fill the reservoirs with pure molecules (no release system) in solid or liquid form. Each of the reservoirs of a single microchip can contain different molecules and/or different amounts, which can be released independently. In a preferred embodiment, the reservoir cap enables passive timed release, not requiring a power source, of molecules. The reservoirs are capped with materials that degrade at a known rate or have a known permeability (diffusion constant) for the molecules to be delivered. Therefore, the degradation or diffusion characteristics of the cap material determine the time at which the release of molecules in a particular reservoir begins. In effect, the microchip provides dual control of the release of molecules by selection of the release system (rate controller) and selection of the cap material (time controller, and in some cases, rate controller). In another preferred embodiment, the reservoir cap enables active timed release, requiring a power source, of molecules. In this embodiment, the reservoir caps consist of a thin film of conductive material that is deposited over the reservoir and patterned into the shape of an anode surrounded by a cathode. Conductive materials capable of dissolving into solution upon the application of an electric potential, including metals such as copper, gold, silver, and zinc and some polymers, are used in the active timed release device. When an electric potential is applied across the electrodes, the conductive material of the anode above the reservoir oxidizes and dissolves into solution, exposing the release system containing the molecules to be delivered to the surrounding fluids. The molecules to be delivered are released into the surrounding fluids by diffusion out of or by degradation of the release system. The frequency of release is controlled by incorporation of a miniaturized power source and microprocessor onto the microchip. Activation of any reservoir can be achieved by preprogramming the microprocessor, by remote control, or by a signal from a biosensor. |
| MICROCONTACT PRINTING | A rubber stamp is used to form a pattern by depositing a SAM (Abbrev.) of a organic compd on a substrate. The stamp is fashioned by applying a silicone rubber precursor to a lithographically prepd surface having a relief pattern – the “master” After it is cured, the rubber is peeled away, providing a stamp that has the relief pattern of the master. The rubber stamp is “inked” with a soln of a long-chain alkane-thiol & is then brought briefly into physical contact with a substrate – in this case the Au-covered Mylar sheet. Wherever the stamp touches the Au, a SAM is formed quickly & easily. When the substrate is subsequently immersed in a etching bath, all the Au that’s not protected by the monolayer is etched away. |
| MICROFILTRATION | Microfiltration, which can be used for clarification of fermentation broth and biomass, is a low-pressure, cross-flow membrane process for separating colloidal and suspended micrometer-size particles. "Almost all membrane filtration is carried out as cross-flow filtration to avoid the formation of a filter cake and a high concentration of solutes or solids on the membrane surface," explained Johan Persson at the exhibition. Persson is a public relations coordinator at the Swedish multinational engineering group Alfa Laval, based in Lund. "The liquid flows parallel to the membrane at high velocity and under pressure, thereby splitting the feed stream into two streams, one of which passes through the membrane," Persson said. "The continuous flow of liquid across the membrane performs a cleaning action, whereby fouling is reduced and the concentration on the surface is decreased to ease passage through the membrane |
| MICROFLUIDICS ACTIVE COMPONENTS | There are two major groups of subcomponents in a typical fluidic system, she noted. "Passive subcomponents--such as channels, mixers, separation structures, connection units, and passive valves--cannot be directly controlled," she explained. "They do not have their own power supply. For example, a passive valve responds to fluidic pressure, which means that it opens or closes automatically if the pressure changes. Active components, on the other hand--such as pumps, active valves, and actuators--can be shut on and off." |
| MICROFLUIDICS PASSIVE COMPONENTS | There are two major groups of subcomponents in a typical fluidic system, she noted. "Passive subcomponents--such as channels, mixers, separation structures, connection units, and passive valves--cannot be directly controlled," she explained. "They do not have their own power supply. For example, a passive valve responds to fluidic pressure, which means that it opens or closes automatically if the pressure changes. Active components, on the other hand--such as pumps, active valves, and actuators--can be shut on and off." |
| MICROLITHOGRAPHY | The |
| MICROTUBULES | Microtubules are intracellular filamentous structures present in all eukaryotic cells. As components of different organelles such as mitotic spindles, centrioles, basal bodies, cilia, flagella, axopodia and the cytoskeleton, microtubules are involved in many cellular functions including chromosome movement during mitosis, cell motility, organelle transport, cytokinesis, cell plate formation, maintenance of cell shape and orientation of cell microfibril deposition in developing plant cell walls. The major component of microtubules is tubulin, a protein composed of two subunits called alpha and beta. An important property of tubulin in cells is the ability to undergo polymerization to form microtubules or to depolymerize under appropriate conditions. This process can also occur in vitro using isolated tubulin. Microtubules play a critical role in cell division as components of the mitotic spindle, an organelle which is involved in distributing chromosomes within the dividing cell precisely between the two daughter nuclei |
| MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT (MCI) | MCI is an impairment in cognition, specifically memory performance, that is frequently associated with aging. The degree and type of impairment distinguishes MCI from dementia in that MCI patients exhibit deficits in secondary tests of memory, but perform normally on standard tests measuring other cognitive domains. Thus, MCI is defined as a clinical disorder that is distinct from early stages of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's type dementia, and can therefore be specifically targeted for treatment intervention |
| MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCN | The amount of compd (antibiotics) required to kill the bacteria |
| MITOGEN | An Agent that causes Cells to Divide & Multiply |
| MITOSIS | The division of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells which occurs in 4 stages designated prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase |
| MIX AND SPLIT SYNTHESIS (CombiChem) | A technique used to make very large libraries |
| MOLECULAR BEACONS | Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Probes |
| MOLECULAR WEIGHT CUT-OFF | the molecular weight at which the membrane rejects 90% of solute |
| MONGOLISM | A congenital abnormality characterized by imbecility & due to the presence of one of the autosomes in the triploid rather than in the diploid state |
| MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY | are pure antibodies designed to bind to a specific antigen target. |
| MONOCYTE | A large, circulating, phagocytic white blood cell, having a single well-defined nucleus and very fine granulation in the cytoplasm. Monocytes constitute from 3 to 8 percent of the white blood cells in humans. |
| MONONUCLEOSIS | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, a benign proliferation of infected B lymphocytes (Henle, G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 59(1):94-101 (1968)) and can also cause acute and rapidly progressive B lymphoproliferative disease in severely immune compromised patients or in experimental infection of tamarins (Miller, G., Fields Virol., 2nd ed., 1921-58 (1990)). |
| MORPHOGENICS | is a broad-based proprietary platform technology that regulates the ability of a host organism to repair mutations that occur during DNA replication. All proliferating cells duplicate their genetic material prior to dividing into two siblings (‘sibs”). During the replication process, thousands of mutations occur that are corrected prior to cell division by DNA repair mechanisms. One of the most robust repair mechanisms is the highly conserved process called mismatch repair (“MMR”), which proofreads newly replicated DNA for mutations. The process is similar to a computer spell check function. Once the MMR process is completed and mutations in the new genome have been corrected, the cell divides into two genetically identical sibs. Cells with dysfunctional MMR accumulate mutations throughout their genomes leading to mutant gene(s) that yield sibs with traits different from that of the parent |
| MTAP or MTASE (Abbrev.) | Enzyme that Converts MethylThioAdenosine into Methionine |
| MUCONIC ACID | HO2C-CH=CH-CH=CH-CO2H |
| MUCOSITIS | Damage to the gut from the chemotherapy (cancer treat) |
| MUENCHNONES | Mesoionic 1,3-oxazolium-5-oxides |
| MULTI TASKER SYNDROME | - Dramatic Dip in Employee Productivity Due to Growing Number of Media In many companies people are communicating all day long. To reach employees, many employers use a broad range of (new) media, such as email, intranet, phone, blogs, websites, instant messaging (IM), web conferencing, sticky notes, internal memo's, text messages, newsletters and corporate magazines. But is this effective? No, says software company Netpresenter. More and more employees are suffering from MTS, or Multi Tasker Syndrome, which has a dramatic impact on the productivity of these employees |
| MULTIPLE MYELOMA | A form of Bone cancer. Cancer that starts in bone marrow |
| MULTIPLEXING | Identifying many wavelengths at once |
| MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR | A synaptic acetylcholine receptor to which muscarin binds, thereby mimicking the action of acetylcholine. Such receptors are found at smooth muscle end plates & in the brain |
| MUTAGENESIS | damage to the differentiated animal |
| MXD6 NYLON | Poly(Amide) of - Adipic acid & - m-Xylene DiAmine |
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | A disease, characterized by profound muscular weakness, that is due to the formation of Ab to the receptors for acetylcholine. Binding of the Ab to the receptor decreases the level of active receptors in the tissues & decreases the efficiency of neuromuscular transmissions |
| MYCOSIS | Fungal Infection |
| MYCOTOXINS | "Mycotoxins" generically refer to a number of toxic molecules produced by fungal species, such as polyketides (including aflatoxins, demethylsterigmatocystin, O-methylsterigmatocystin etc.), fumonisins, alperisins (e.g., A.sub.1, A.sub.2, B.sub.1, B.sub.2), sphingofungins (A, B, C and D), trichothecenes, fumifungins, and the like. Polyketides are a large structurally diverse class of secondary metabolites synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants and are formed by a polyketide synthase (PKS) through the sequential condensation of small carboxylic acids. Katz and Donandio (1993) Annu Rev. Microbiool. 47:875-912; Brown et al. (1996) PNAS 93:14873-14877; Silva et al. (1996) J. Biol Chem. 271: 13600-608. Aflatoxin B1, is the principal member of the aflatoxin (AF) family of polyketide mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus nomius. Aflatoxin B1 is the most potent mycotoxin known to man. For example, AF was characterized as the causative agent for the death of more than a hundred thousand poultry in England that had ingested AF-contaminated peanut meal. This discovery led to legislation regulating the trade of AF-contaminated agricultural commodities. Sterigniatocystin (ST) is a related polyketide mycotoxin, which is produced by several members of the Aspergillus. ST is the second to last intermediate in the biosynthesis of AF. Kelkar et al. (1997) J. Biol Chem. 272: 1589-94. Various Aspergillus species that produce AF and ST are known to be pathogenic to corn, grains and nuts and are known to produce these mycotoxins during the growth of the crops and during storage, leading to the introduction of AF and ST into primary food stuffs. AF and ST are acutely toxic and carcinogenic and are a serious concern from human and animal health perspective. Busby & Wogan (1985) in Chemical Carcinogens (Searle ed., 1985) pp 945-1136, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. Trichothecenes are another family of sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species and other molds that are known plant pathogens. These compounds are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis in eukaryotes (Kimura et al. (1998) J. Biol Chem. 273: 1654-1661) and reportedly bind to the 60S ribosomal subunits to prevent polypeptide chain initiation or elongation. Trichothecenes are also an important group of mycotoxins that cause serious problems of food pollution. They have been implicated in incidents of mycotoxicosis including vomiting, dermatitis and hemorrhagic septicemia in humans and livestock, resulting in loss of productivity and even death. Lastly, fumonisins (F) are another structurally distinct class of mycotoxins produced by several Fusarium species that is involved in food poisoning and toxic effects. Scott (1993) International Journal of Food Microbiology 18:257-270 and the references therein provide a review of the Fuminosins. |
| MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN | A major myelin protein of the mammalian CNS. Upon injection into guinea pigs, rabbits, or rats, it induces allergic autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an inflammation of the brain & spinal column. The protein is rich in basic aminoacids |
| MYELOABLATIVE THERAPY (Oncology) | is a very intense regimen of chemotherapy designed to destroy all cells that divide rapidly. These cells include some blood cells and hair cells, as well as malignant cancer cells |
| MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES | Historically, the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have been referred to as oligoblastic leukemia, refractory anemia, smoldering acute leukemia, or preleukemia.1 They represent a heterogeneous hematopoietic disorder derived from an abnormal multipotent progenitor cell, and are characterized by a hyperproliferative bone marrow, dysplasia of the cellular elements, and ineffective hematopoiesis.2 MDS can be indolent or aggressive, depending on the subclassification (discussed below). Recognition of this entity has increased over the past decade, and should be suspected in older adults with anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, or a combination of these abnormalities. Not surprisingly, morbidity and mortality result from anemia, bleeding, and infection, along with transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), which occurs in approximately one third of patients.3-5 MDS can be cured with bone marrow transplantation, a procedure prohibitively toxic in older patients with this diagnosis, and estimated to be available for only 5-10% of MDS patients. Thus, most treatments focus on alleviation of symptoms, reduction in transfusion requirements, and improvement of quality of life. |
| MYELOPEROXIDASE | A lysosomal enzyme of phagocytic leukocytes that aids in the destruction of alien objects by forming hypochlorite from H2O2 & chloride ions |
| MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | Repentine condition of OXYGEN's SUPPLY < OXYGEN's DEMAND; resulting in heart muscle tissue death. That OXYGEN's inbalance is due to ISCHEMIA; which in turn is due to coronary arteriosklerotic blockade (THROMBUS) |
| MYOCARDITIS | Inflammation of heart muscle |
| MYOMECTOMY | Removal of a myoma of the uterus through an abdominal incision |
| NANOFILTRATION | Nanofiltration uses membranes to separate lower molecular weight organic solutes and small inorganic ions. It is applied for color removal and demineralization, for example |
| NANOTECHNOLOGY | Given by science writer Ivan Amato in NSTC's "Nanotechnology: Shaping the World Atom by Atom" brochure: The world as it works on the nanometer or "billionth" scale - & it lays out the following vision: "What could we humans do if we could assemble the basic ingredients of the material world with even a glint of nature's virtuosity? What if we could build things the way nature does - atom by atom & molecule by molecule? |
| NANOTECHNOLOGY | Given by science writer Ivan Amato in NSTC's "Nanotechnology: Shaping the World Atom by Atom" brochure: "In the language of science, the prefix NANO means one-billionth of something like a second or a meter. Nanoscience & Nanotechnology gene rally refer to the world as it works on the nanometer scale, say from 1 nm to several hundred nanometers". Nanotechnology is the latest of 3 megatrends that have emerged in the past 15 years: 1) INFORMATION technology 2) BIO technology 3) NANO technology |
| NARCOLEPSY | Sleep disorder of neurological origin characterized by daytime multiple 5-15 min sleeping periods. |
| NEAR-CRITICAL WATER | Characterized by - T = 275C - Pressure = 60 bar - Density = 0.7 - Dielectric constant = 20 - Relative ionization constant = 1,000 |
| NEGATIVE PHOTORESIST | A negative-tone resist is soluble in the developer solvent but is cross-linked & rendered insoluble by exposure to UV light |
| NEGISHI COUPLING REACTION | Suzuki Coupling Variation based on OrganoZn Reagent |
| NEOINTIMAL HYPERPLASIA (Cardiology) | Biological responses of blood vessels to vascular and endovascular procedures, such as vein grafting, limit the long-term success of these surgical interventions. The veins typically used in bypass surgery are thin-walled vessels that are designed for a low-pressure environment. Arteries are thick-walled vessels that have evolved to handle the high-pressure flow of blood from the heart. When the vein grafts used to bypass a blocked artery are exposed to the high pressure of arterial flow, there is significant stress on the thin wall of the veins. The vein responds to this perceived injury by causing its walls to thicken. Smooth muscle cells proliferate in the middle layer of the vein wall and migrate to the inner surface of the vein, lining it in a process known as neointimal hyperplasia |
| NERVE GASES | Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), & Soman (GD). are volatile organophosphorus compounds that react with a hydroxy group in biological tissue to form a phosphate ester. When this reaction occurs at the catalytic site of acetylcholinesterase—an enzyme critical to nerve function—the enzyme’s activity is inhibited, leading to convulsions and death. |
| NEURALGIA | Neuropathic pain |
| NEUROFIBROMATOSIS | autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with the development of multiple benign tumors and occasional malignant tumors. No effective treatment is available for either form of tumor and the malignant tumors, neurofibrosarcomas, are usually fatal despite aggressive surgical, medical, and radiotherapeutic treatment regimens (Martuza, R. L., Neurosurgery, MacGraw-Hill, Vol. 1, 1984, pp. 511-521). |
| NEUROPATHIC PAIN | pain related to peripheral or central nervous system injury. It includes peripheral nerve injury such as that caused by diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cancer, and post-herpetic neuralgia, as well as central nervous system injury, such as that caused by spinal injury or stroke. |
| NEUTROPENIA | See Leukopenia |
| NEUTROPHIL | Type of white blood cell that ingests & kills bacteria |
| NEW DRUG APPLICATION | is the process of obtaining approval from FDA to market a new drug. |
| NITINOL | Ni+Ti Alloy |
| NITRIFICATION | The oxidation of NH3 to nitrite or nitrate that is carried out in nature by nitrifying bacteria |
| NITROGENASE | Enzyme in biological systems catalyzing reduction of N2 to NH3 (Biological Fixation) |
| NON HODGKINS LYMPHOMA | NHL is a form of cancer that affects the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic tissues. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma currently is the sixth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, is expected to claim the lives of 23,400 Americans this year, and has the second-fastest growing mortality rate. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), approximately 300,000 people are afflicted with NHL in the United States alone. Of that total, 25 to 40 percent have follicular NHL, making it the second most common type. Transformed NHL is an aggressive and difficult to treat form of follicular NHL with a particularly poor prognosis. |
| NON IONIC BLEED | A phenomen in which liquid nonionic surfac tants such as alc. ethoxylates bleed out of a prodt when formulated at high concn |
| NON POLARITY INDEX (Ester Lubricants) | NPI = [(Total No. of C atoms) x MW]/(No. of Carboxylate x 100) |
| NONGENERIC PHARMA DRUGS | Drug marketed by Co. proprietary of - Valid Patent or Legal Rights to Valid Pa- tent & - Registered TradeMark |
| NONSENSE MUTATIONS | Alterations in DNA that when transcribed into mRNA, introduce a premature translation termination codon. This change halts the ribosomal translation process at an earlier site than normal, producing a truncated non-functional protein. |
| NOOTROPICS | Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias |
| NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID | 1,4-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane |
| NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER EFFECT | The decrease in area of a given line in a NMR spectrum that is due to the transfer of energy from one proton to another; involves the change of a population of nuclei in a given energy level by saturating a nearby nucleus. The magnitude of the effect (that is, the decrease in the area of the line) increases the closer the 2 protons are to each other. The effect can, therefore, be used to measure intramolecular distances |
| NUCLEOSIDE | A glycoside composed of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose & either purine or pyrimidine |
| NUCLEOTIDE | 1. The building block of nucleic acids that consist of nucleoside plus a phos phoric acid residue esterified to one of -OH of sugar. 2. Any phosphorylated nucleoside, whether or not it is a genuine block of nucleic acid |
| NUTRITION PREMIX | Custom blends of vitamins, minerals & other supplements used in foods & drinks |
| NYLON MXD6 | Poly(Amide) derived from - Meta Xylylene Di Amine & - Adipic acid |
| O-PYROCATECHUIC ACID | 2,3-DiHydroxy Benzoic Acid |
| OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT (OEL) | the acceptable amount of the compound allowed in the air of a working area for high potency pharma. active ingredients |
| OCULAR HISTOPLASMOSIS SYNDROME | Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome Overview Histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus commonly found in the dust and soil of the Mississippi-Ohio River Valley region. Approximately 62% of the adult population living in this region are carriers. It affects men and women equally. Histoplasmosis is contracted by inhaling dust that carries the fungal spores. Its effect on the body can vary widely in severity from one person to another. Many carriers have no symptoms at all, but those with mild exposure may experience flu-like symptoms and mild respiratory infections. Histoplasmosis is more likely to become a serious problem in people who already have a weakened immune system. The fungus may affect the eye by causing small areas of inflammation and scarring of the retina. These are called “histo spots” and may be found in both eyes. Their affect on vision depends on the location of the scars. Scarring in the peripheral area of the retina may have little or no impact on vision, while a central scar affecting the macula may cause a prominent blind spot. Most people with histo spots in the retina are totally unaware of their presence unless the central vision is affected. Studies indicate that only about 5% of those with histo spots are at risk of losing vision. Scientists have been unable find a link between the patients with minor histo spots and those who develop a severe loss of their central vision. |
| OCULT AMD (Ophthalmology) | CNV caused by wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) appears as two types of lesions: classic or occult. These terms are used to describe different patterns of CNV leakage as seen on fluorescein angiography. Classic CNV progresses more rapidly than occult, is more aggressive and easier to diagnose because the vessels are well defined and therefore easier to detect. As well, loss of sight occurs more rapidly with classic CNV. Occult CNV is less predictable and because the leakage is less obvious, more difficult to diagnose. While it is common for patients to develop both types of lesions, roughly half of all patients with occult CNV will develop classic CNV within a year |
| OFF LABEL PRESCRIBING | Option, where physician can prescribe a drug that's been approved by FDA for one condition to treat a DIFFERENT condition |
| OIL SAND | Alberta's deposits of bitumen: thick oil that must be mined or extracted with heat and converted into synthetic crude oil. Unquestionably, the sands have enough hydrocarbons to support a petrochemical industry |
| OLEFIN METATHESIS | Is a chain reaction, but it can be imagined as a joining together of 2 olefins, which then split apart to form 2 different olefins. For example, 2 molecules of propene metathesize to one molecule of ethylene & one of 2-butene |
| OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID | A class of fatty acids that have a double bond three carbons from the methyl moiety; reportedly, they play a role in lowering cholesterol and LDL levels |
| OMEGA-6 FATTY ACID | a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond six carbons from the beginning |
| OMNIDIRECTIONAL MIRRORS | reflect light coming from all angles and polarizations. They can be constructed from multiple layers of transparent, nonconducting materials with very different indexes of refraction. Such mirrors are typically fragile, however, and restricted to planar geometries |
| ONCOLOGY | Branch of Medicine dealing with Diag.; Etiology; Prevn.; Prognosis & Therapy of Cancers & Neoplasias |
| OPEN READING FRAME | Coding part of an individual gene sequence. Segment in mRNA that contains codons that can be translated into an amino acid seq & that does not contain a termination codon |
| OPERON | Genes that are cotranscribed |
| OPIOID BOWEL DYSFUNCTION | severe constipation experienced by patients taking traditional opioid narcotics for chronic pain relief. |
| OPTOELECTRONICS | as processing light for conversion into electronic signals and vice versa. Thus, the term covers applications ranging from compact disc players to electronic displays. But the area of growing interest to chemical companies is in optical telecommunications components, sometimes called photonics. |
| ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY | the degree to which it becomes systemically available when taken by mouth |
| ORAL MUCOSITIS (Oncology) | Oral mucositis is a common, debilitating side effect of cancer treatment occurring in approximately 40 percent of patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation. Oral mucositis is inflammation of the moist tissue lining the mouth and ranges from redness to severe ulceration. Symptoms of mucositis vary from pain and discomfort to an inability to take food or fluids. Mucositis may also limit a patient's ability to tolerate either chemotherapy or radiation, and may be so severe as to delay treatment, limiting the effectiveness of the cancer therapy. Patients with damage to the lining of the mouth and a reduced immunity resulting from chemotherapy and radiation are also prone to opportunistic mouth infections. The use of morphine or other narcotic analgesics are indicated when severe pain accompanies the mucositis |
| ORANGE BOOK [U.S.A. (FDA)] | Lists all drug products approved by FDA on the basis of safety & effective ness. The book also contains therapeutic equivalence evaluations for approved multisource drugs. These evaluations, FDA says, are to serve as public information & advice in prodt selection, as between generic & branded sources, & in helping to decrease drug R&D & health care costs. An addendum contains related exclusivity - as under the Orphan Drug Act, which gives 7 years of marketing exclusivity to drugs developed for rare diseases - & patent information Once a patent is listed, a Co seeking to market a generic version is required to file a certification with FDA explaining whether it considers the patent valid or whether its generic prodt will infringe the patent. The patent holder then has 45 days to respond, as with an infringement lawsuit. Filing such a suit causes FDA to step aside & refrain from granting final approval for the generic prodt for 30 months, regardless of the merits of the lawsuit, or less if the case is decided in the generic firm's favor, if the generic firm gets an injunction on the listing.is the common name of "Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations," the FDA publication that lists, among others, patents protecting the active ingredient, formulation, and method of use of a drug product |
| ORGANIC SUNSCREEN | They work by absorbing UV light & dissipating it as heat. Examples - Avobenzone - 4-MethylBenzylidene Camphor - Homosalate - Octyl MethoxyCinnamate - Oxybenzone |
| ORPHAN DRUGS | those with a treatment population of less than 200,000 patients |
| ORTHOKERATOLOGY | refractive errors in eye |
| ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION | decrease of at least 20 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure when an individual moves from a supine position to a standing position. Nonneurogenic causes of orthostatic hypotension are related to cardiac pump failure, reduced intravascular volume, venous pooling or a medication side effect. Neurogenic causes include both central and peripheral nervous system lesions. The diagnostic evaluation requires a systematic review of medications and coexisting medical conditions along with a neurologic examination to search for treatable factors that may be contributing to orthostatic hypotension. Specific testing of autonomic function is useful for detecting subclinical orthostatic hypotension or for monitoring autonomic function over a period of time. Treatment is directed at improving the patient's symptoms rather than achieving arbitrary blood pressure goals. |
| OSMOLALITY | The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and vapour pressure lowering |
| OSTEOARTHRITIS | Osteoarthritis is primarily a noninflammatory disorder of movable joints characterized by an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of the articular cartilage, leading to the classic pathologic changes of wearing away and destruction of cartilage. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the oldest and most common diseases in humans and the most common form of joint disease in the world. The term "osteoarthritis" means "joint inflammation." Because OA does not present clinically as an inflammatory disorder, some have suggested that the term "osteoarthrosis," or "joint disease," is more appropriate. Although OA is considered a noninflammatory form of arthritis, there can be a small inflammatory component. However, this inflammation is much less intense than that seen in rheumatoid arthritis, which is considered an inflammatory form of arthritis. In some respects, OA appears to be a normal response of the joint to cartilage wear. OA was once thought to occur when the joints were just "worn out." Consequently, the phrase "wear and tear" may be used to describe OA, and it is sometimes referred to as degenerative joint disease. Some researchers no longer use the term "wear and tear" arthritis as a synonym for OA as newer information regarding the pathogenesis of OA has become available. Although the etiology of OA remains elusive, the imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of the articular cartilage results in increased deterioration or breakdown of the cartilage and the formation of new bone at the joint surfaces and margins. This breakdown of joint cartilage often results in joint pain and loss of mobility, which may lead to long-term disability. This is of major concern because the prevalence of OA is expected to increase significantly due to the aging of the U.S. population. |
| OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS | A type of osteochondritis in which articular cartilage and associated bone becomes partially or totally detached to form joint loose bodies. Affects mainly the knee, ankle, and elbow joints |
| OSTEOCLAST | Cells that degrade bone |
| OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA | is a group of genetic diseases in which the bones are formed improperly, making them fragile and prone to breaking. |
| OSTEOMYELITIS | a bone infection secondary to diabetic foot ulcers |
| OSTEOSARCOMA | Bone cancer |
| OTBAF | 9,9-Bis(3-Me-4-aminophenyl)fluorene |
| OVERHAUSER EFFECT (medical diag. MRI) | In which an esr transition in an administere d paramagnetic species (OMRI contrast agent) is coupled to the nuclear spin system of the imaging nuclei. The OVERHAUSER effect (also known as dynamic nuclear POLARISATION) can increase population difference between excited & ground nuclear spin states of selected nuclei & thereby amplify the MR signal intensity by factor of > 100 allowing OMRI images to be generated rapidly & with rel. low primary magnetic fields. Most of OMRI contrast agents disclosed to date (12.00) are radicals which are used to effect polarisation of imaging nuclei in vivo |
| OXALOBACTER FORMIGENES | is an oxalate-degrading anaerobic bacterium which colonizes the large intestine in humans. While the human colon is normally cultivated by these bacteria, they can be lost due to antibiotic treatment with quinolones (though not penicillin or Bactrim). In people lacking the bacterium, calcium oxalate is not degraded in the intestinal tract and stones can recur |
| OXIDATIVE STRESS | A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the prooxidant, leading to potential damage |
| OXYTOCIC | A natural or synthetic hormone which causes contraction of the uterine muscle |
| PAGET'S DISEASE | Disease of unknown cause, characterized by changes in bone remodeling (formation & resorption) |
| PAIRED ELECTROSYNTHESIS | One useful marketable prodt is generated at the anode & a different useful marketable prodt is generated at the cathode |
| PapD (6,500,435) | periplasmic chaperone protein mediating the assembly of pili for P piliated bacteria |
| PAPILLOMA | A benign tumor of skin or of mucous surface; a wart |
| PAPILLOMA VIRUS | A small, naked, isosahedral virus that contains double-stranded DNA & that produces papillomas in animals |
| PARABEN | Esters of p-HydroxyBenzoic Acid |
| PARACOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | Disease that affects men 30 - 59 years age. Fungal infection that affects mainly lungs & skin. Later it affects liver & brain |
| PARAGRAPH IV CERTIFICATION (Generic Drug) | is a declaration that a patent listed in the Orange Book is invalid or will not be infringed by the generic drug in an ANDA. |
| PARATHORMONE | A protein hormone, secreted by the parathyroid glands, that stimulates the release of Ca from bone & leads to an increase in the level of Ca in the blood |
| PARATHYROID HORMONE | Parathormone |
| PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS | Hypothalamus's region involved in Appetite reduction |
| PARENTERAL | Referring to the introduction of a substance into an animal organism by ways other than that of the digestive tract, as in the case of an intradermal injection |
| PAREVE (Jewish Religion) | Foods that contain neither milk nor meat ingredients can be eaten at any time. These "pareve" ingredients are generally derived from minerals, fruit, vegetables, or fish |
| PARKINSONISM | Condition that resembles Parkinson's disease. It is sometimes caused by exposure to manganese, CO, or other toxicants &, unlike Parkinson's is often reversible |
| PAROXY NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA | Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare, acquired disorder of red blood cells in which an abnormal cell surface molecule leads to premature destruction of the cells. This destruction is intermittent (paroxysmal). |
| PARTHENOGENESIS | The development of an organism from an unfertilized egg; the ability to reproduce without fertilization; the activation of an egg in absence of sperm |
| PARTRICIN | Heptaene macrolide antibiotic complex produced by "Streptomyces aureofaciens" |
| PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS | a type of congenital heart defect that occurs when a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, as it normally should |
| PATENT FORAMEN OVALE | The heart is divided into four separate chambers. The upper chambers, or atria, are divided by a wall called the atrial septum. The foramen ovale is a flap or tunnel shaped hole in the atrial septum during fetal development that allows blood to travel through the heart without going to the lungs. When in the womb, a baby does not use his or her own lungs, receiving oxygen rich blood from the the mother through the umbilical cord. Therefore, blood can travel from the right side of the baby's heart to the left side of the heart through the foramen ovale, skipping the trip to the baby’s lungs. This small flap-like opening normally closes shortly after birth as the pressure from the baby’s heart pushes the flap to the septal wall. If this opening does not close shortly after birth, a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) results. For people with PFO, some blood from the right atrium can leak into the left atrium. PFO is the most common heart defect. In fact, one in four people may have a PFO to some degree, but in many cases the PFO is not large enough to create symptoms or require any immediate treatment in childhood. Patent Foramen Ovale is categorized as an atrial septal defect, but with a different origin and symptoms than single-hole or multi-fenestrated atrial septal defects. ( learn more about atrial septal defects ) Many people grow up and lead normal lives without even knowing that they have a PFO. PFO is frequently not diagnosed until adulthood. However, there are a number of life-affecting and potentially harmful conditions that may be caused by PFO. Patent Foramen Ovale is suspected to be a cause of embolic cryptogenic stroke. This type of stroke has no clearly known origin, but blood clotting at or near the PFO is one possible cause. Research is underway to verify this connection between embolic cryptogenic stroke and PFO. Learn more about PFO and stroke research. In recent years, research into PFO closure has shown that there may be a connection between PFO and migraine headaches. People with migraine headaches who have had PFO closure for other reasons often reported reduction or even cessation of migraine headaches after PFO closure. For this reason, research is underway to determine the effect of PFO closure in reducing or eliminating some forms of migraine. |
| PAUSON KHAND CYCLOADDITION | STANDARD SCOPE: Combines alkene & alkyne with CO to give cyclopentenones EXTENDED SCOPE: Alkene may be replaced by allene |
| PEPTIDE NUCLEIC ACID | The backbone is made up of -NH-CH2-CH2-N-CH2-CO- [N-(2-aminoethyl) glycyl] units; the bases are attached to the central N atom through an acetyl function (Base-CH2-CO-). They resemble nucleic acids only because they contain the same bases; there is no phosphate or pentose |
| PEPTOID | Are peptidelike chains of N-substituted glycines. They have the same backbone as proteins but have side chains on the N rather than on the alpha-C. They are like peptides but are invulnerable to protease degradation |
| PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION | See CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY |
| PERFORMANCE CHEMICAL | Mixtures of substances, proprietary prodts, formulated with carriers or solvents, & bought & sold for what they do |
| PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER | called (nocturnal) myoclonus, which describes frequent or involuntary muscle spasms. Periodic limb movement was formally described first in the 1950s, and, by the 1970s, it was listed as a potential cause of insomnia. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder Periodic limb movement disorder affects people only during sleep. The condition is characterized by behavior ranging from shallow, continual movement of the ankle or toes, to wild and strenuous kicking and flailing of the legs and arms. Furthermore, abdominal, oral, and nasal movement sometimes accompanies PLMD. Movement of the legs is more typical than movement of the arms in cases of PLMD. Movements typically occur for 0.5 to 10 seconds, in intervals separated by five to 90 seconds. In 1979, the Association of Sleep Disorder Centers (ASDC) set the parameters for determining the presence of PLMD: A formal diagnosis of nocturnal myoclonus requires three periods during the night, lasting from a few minutes to an hour or more, each containing at least 30 movements followed by partial arousal or awakening. (ASDC 1979) Today, these parameters are a bit more relaxed, and PLMD usually includes any repetitive, involuntary movement during the night. These limb movements usually occur in deep stage two sleep, but often cause arousal. Thus, PLMD can cause poor sleep, which may lead to sleep maintenance insomnia and/or excessive daytime sleepiness. The incidence of PLMD increases with age. It is estimated to occur in 5% of people age 30 to 50 and in 44% of people over the age of 65. As many as 12.2% of patients suffering from insomnia and 3.5% of patients suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness may experience PLMD. |
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE | diseases of blood vessels outside the heart and brain. PVD is often characterized by a narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to leg and arm muscles. |
| PERIPROSTHETIC OSTEOLYSIS | bone loss in the vicinity of a prosthesis—is the most serious problem limiting the longevity of artificial joints. It is caused by bone-resorptive responses to wear particles originating from the articulating surface |
| PERMEATE | IN ALL FOUR TYPES of membrane filtration, the liquid that passes through the membrane is known as the permeate, and the material that does not pass through is called the retentate. The membranes are made of a variety of materials, including polymers, ceramics, and metals. They are usually manufactured as flat sheets mounted on supports or as spiral-wound or tubular modules |
| PEROVSKITES | are metal oxides with an ABO3 formula, such as strontium titanate (SrTiO3), that show promise for oxidizing methane in air at temperatures that are low enough to avoid forming harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx). |
| PESTICIDE TOLERANCE | To ensure the safety of the U.S. food supply, the EPA sets a tolerance limit, or maximum residue limit, for every registered use of a pesticide. This is the amount of a specific pesticide residue that may lawfully remain on each food commodity that has been treated with a pesticide. In establishing tolerances, EPA considers the toxicity of the pesticide, how much it is applied & how often, & how much of it typically remains in the food. EPA may then set the tolerance lower than the typical residue level to ensure the food is safe. Tolerances are enforced by FDA & USDA |
| PETCOKE (PETROLEUM COKE) | Coal-Like Refinery By-Product |
| PETROLEOMICS | Analytical techniques could lead to new understanding of petroleum CELIA M. HENRY As recently as a few years ago, who would have thought that we could have a detailed picture of the components of petroleum? At one time, scientists thought that the average molecular weight of crude oil constituents was on the order of 10,000 daltons, with some components as large as 1 million Da. Now, they are finding that crude oil contains few components larger than 1,000 Da. At a symposium at Pittcon earlier this month, scientists presented research that is increasing the understanding of the composition of this complicated mixture. Playing off the “omics” terminology of the biological field, symposium organizer Alan G. Marshall, chemistry professor at Florida State University and director of the ICR program at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL), has dubbed this new focus “petroleomics” because it involves the simultaneous analysis of many components of petroleum products. “I felt if there are as many components in one sample of crude oil as there are genes in the genome, then it’s not crazy to use the word petroleomics,” Marshall told C&EN. |
| PHAGE | Bacteriophage |
| PHAGE DISPLAY (Proteomics) | Peptide or protein libraries are created on viral surfaces & screened for activity en masse. The peptides or proteins remain associated with the genes that encode them, making them easy to identify. "It's pretty clear that the conventional way of analyzing potential disease genes on a one-at-a-time basis is not acceptable. "What is needed, is a ´process that is going to be able - rapidly, in an automated sense - aid in purification of the gene prodt., help identify its function, validate it as a target, & determine its role in the disease process so may be it can itself become a therapeutic". Phage display fills this need. It can be used routinely to determine "binding molecules to hundreds of target proteins in weeks" |
| PHAGOCYTE | A cell that engulfs bacteria & other foreign particles by phagocytosis |
| PHAGOCYTOSIS | The engulfment & destruction of foreign cells & particulate matter by a cell |
| PHARMACOGENETICS | The goal of pharmacogenetics is to predetermine a patient's response to a drug therapy on the basis of his or her genetic makeup, paving the way for tailor-made pharmaceuticals. Study of how genetic variations affect the ways in which people respond to drugs. These variations can manifest themselves as differences in the drug targets or as differences in the enzymes that metabolize drugs. A difference in the target will usually lead to differences in how well the drug works, whereas differences in metabolizing enzymes can result in differences in either efficacy or toxicity |
| PHARMACOGENOMICS | looks at genetic makeup or genetic variations and their connection to drug response. Variations in drug targets, usually proteins, and target pathways are studied to understand how the variations are manifested and how they influence response. The term pharmacogenetics is sometimes used instead, but it can also refer specifically to genetic profiles or tests that predict drug response |
| PHARMACOPHORE | Drug activity-bearing |
| PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL | is used to describe materials that use phase changes (e.g., melting or freezing) to absorb or release relatively large amounts of latent heat at relatively constant temperatures. |
| PHASE TRAFFICKING (CombiChem) | an alternative to conventional solution-phase synthesis in which synthesis and purification are carried out more or less simultaneously. In phase trafficking, reagents, by-products, or products are directed into a separate phase so the products can be isolated easily from the reaction mixture. Phase-trafficking methods "can be mixed and matched to enable high-throughput synthesis of a wide array of compounds |
| PHENYLKETONURIA | A genetically inherited metabolic defect in humans that is characterized by mental retardation, if the defect is not corrected for in childhood, & that is due to a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
| PHEROMONES | Pheromones are chemical signals. Through a sex attractant pheromone, female insects attract mating partners. If the compounds are introduced in the field at concentrations that saturate the sensory organs of the males, the males are confused and mating is prevented. Disruption of the normal mating cycle leads to a decline in the target insect's population without harming other insects |
| PHILLIPS TRIOLEFIN PROCESS | 2Propylene = Ethylene+2-Butene (Olefin Metha thesis) |
| PHOSPHOPROTEOMICS | One way that cells communicate is by adding or removing phosphate groups at specific lo cations along proteins. Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying such phosphorylation sites. Large-scale mass spec trometry-based experiments have created vast catalogs of phosphorylation sites. This activity has become associated with one of the many "omics" fields |
| PHOSPHORINANE | Phosphorous-contg. six-member heterocycle |
| PHOTOANGIOPLASTY | Blood Vessel Desobstruction by Phototherapy |
| PHOTONIC BAND GAP MATERIALS | Photonic band gap materials, that is, materials that can control the propagation of electromagnetic radiation by creating periodic dielectric structures, have been the subject of vigorous research in recent years. A photonic band gap material is one that prohibits the propagation of electromagnetic radiation within a specified frequency range (band) in certain directions. That is, band gap materials prevent light from propagating in certain directions with specified energies. This phenomenon can be thought of as the complete reflection of electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency directed at the material in at least one direction because of the particular structural arrangement of separate domains of the material, and refractive indices of those domains. The structural arrangement and refractive indices of separate domains that make up these materials form photonic band gaps that inhibit the propagation of light centered around a particular frequency. (Joannopoulos, et al., "Photonic Crystals, Molding the Flow of Light", Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1995). One-dimensional photonic band gap materials include structural and refractive periodicity in one direction, two-dimensional photonic band gap materials include periodicity in two directions, and three-dimensional photonic band gap materials include periodicity in three directions |
| PHOTONIC CRYSTALS | Low-loss periodic dielectrics, or "photonic crystals", allow the propagation of electromagnetic energy, e.g., light, to be controlled in otherwise difficult or impossible ways. The existence of photonic bandgap in certain photonic crystals has given rise to the possibility that a photonic crystal can be a perfect mirror for light from any direction, with any polarization, within a specified frequency range. Within the frequency range of photonic bandgaps, there are no propagating solutions of Maxwell's equations inside a periodic medium. Consequently, a wave-front with a frequency within the gap which is incident upon the surface of such a crystal would be completely reflected |
| PHOTONICS | Information rransmission via photons Photonic materials are endowed with optical properties that can be used to control the flow of light just as electronic materials are used to control the flow of electrons |
| PHOTORESIST (Electronic Semiconductor Devices) | A key semiconductor fabrication technology is MICROLITHOGRAPHY - the etching, doping, & plating of devices onto semiconductor surfaces at resolutions of micro.m to nm. Achieving ever-finer patterns - needed for smaller & faster devices - depends on polymeric resins called photoresists |
| PHYTASE | Phytase reduces amount in manure by 30% by enabling animals to metabolize bound phytin P that occurs naturally in feed grains. In doing so, phytase also allows farmers to cut supplementation of inorganic phosphate additives; as laws have been passed in the Netherlands, major pig producing country that limits phosphate content in manurePhytase releases metabolic P in feed grains, lowering the need for P supple ments & reducing the environmental impact of excreted phosphates |
| PIEZORESISTANCE | is one example of a group of phenomena in which applying a weak force, in this case mechanical stretching, to a material can lead to a great enough change in electrical resistance to form the basis of sensing technologies |
| PIGMENT PREPARATION | combinations of pigments and pigment dispersants that are structurally analogous to pigments and are substituted by groups having a specific effect. The dispersants are added to the pigments in order to facilitate their dispersion in the application media, especially in varnishes, and in order to improve the rheological and coloristic properties of the pigments |
| PILI (Proteins) | To initiate infection bacterial pathogens must first be able to colonize an appropriate target tissue of the host. For many pathogens this tissue is located at a mucosal surface. Colonization begins with the attachment of the bacterium to receptors expressed by cells forming the lining of the mucosa. Attachment is mediated via proteins on the bacterium that bind specifically to cellular receptors. These proteins, or adhesins, are expressed either directly on the surface of the bacterium, or more typically, as components of elongated rod-like protein structures called pili, fimbriae or fibrillae. Type 1 pili are thought to be important in initiating colonization of the bladder and inducing cystitis, whereas P pili are thought to play a role in ascending infections and the ensuing pyelonephritis. Such pili are heteropolymeric structures that are composed of several different structural proteins required for pilus assemblyTwo types of pili are of particular interest: P pili and type 1 pili. P pili-carrying bacteria recognize and bind to the gal.alpha.(1-4)gal moiety present in the globoseries of glycolipids on kidney cells in mammals. Type 1 pili-carrying bacteria recognize and bind to D-mannose in glycolipids and glycoproteins of bladder epithelial cells |
| PILLING | Broken fibers in COTTON garments |
| PINDOLOL | 1-(1H-Indol-4-yloxy)-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-2-propanol; 4-[2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)-propoxy]indole; pinodolol. Pindolol is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,471,515 |
| PLASMA DISPLAYS | Plasma displays are those huge flat television sets that home appliance companies are proudly exhibiting in the busiest part of their stores these days. A typical consumer's reaction on seeing the bright colors of the display is an urge to immediately order one. But a look at the $6,000 to $10,000 price tag tends to cool down the enthusiasm. The Chemistry Behind The Plasma Display A plasma display module is a sandwich made up of layers of glass, gases, metal, and various chemical materials. The rear panel is a glass substrate onto which a dielectric layer has been laid out and address electrodes have been screen-printed or somehow photo-defined. The electrodes transmit the electrical charges that turn the gas inside the panel into plasma. The dielectric layer insulates the electrodes. The dielectric, in turn, is covered with magnesium oxide to protect it from sputtering neon ions that are created when electricity activates the gas. Above the dielectric layer, a barrier rib of tiny lines 200 mm in height is formed to separate the red, green, and blue phosphor layers. The barrier rib can be formed by screen printing, sandblasting, molding, or photolithography. The front panel consists of a glass substrate on which is applied an indium tin oxide transparent electrode and another electrode made of silver to boost conductivity. To this, manufacturers add a black conductor to improve light contrast and a dielectric layer protected by magnesium oxide. The front and rear panels are then joined together, and gases such as neon and xenon are injected between the two plates. The plates are sealed with molten glass frit. The panel is then linked to its electronic drivers. The electrodes on the two plates are laid out orthogonally, with each intersection representing a pixel. These pixels are independently activated by the electrodes when high voltage is applied to the electrodes. The voltage transforms the rare gas into a plasma that emits ultraviolet light, which excites the phosphors that then emit red, green, or blue, depending on their coating. These are the colors that appear on the screen. The most technically challenging part in the construction of a plasma display panel is the barrier rib, according to Yukichi Deguchi, general manager of Toray Industries' plasma display technical department. Seiichi Hasegawa, head of JSR Corp.'s electronics materials business, says the dielectric layer also poses a challenge. "The very consistent quality of the dielectric is essential because if there is a small defect, there is a very bright point when the viewer looks at the panel," he says. Most plasma displays are made in Japan, and most suppliers of plasma display materials and components are Japanese. One major exception is DuPont, which supplies most of the silver and black electrodes. Texas Instruments, with which DuPont joined an early plasma display research consortium in Japan about a decade ago, remains an important supplier of integrated circuits |
| PLASMAPHERESIS | The process of separating certain cells from the plasma in the blood by a machine; only the cells are returned to the person. Plasmapheresis can be used to remove excess antibodies from the blood. www.upmccancercenters.com/dictionary/p.html The selective removal of certain proteins or antibodies. This process is sometimes used in the treatment of some peripheral neuropathies. www.aidsinfobbs.org/letters/16.html The removal of certain proteins from the blood. www.myeloma.org.uk/pages/pi4.htm A process for obtaining blood plasma without depleting the donor or patient of other blood constituents (such as red blood cells) by separating out the plasma from the whole blood and returning the rest to the donor's or patient's circulatory system. www.johnstoddardcancer.org/body.cfm Apheresis is the process of collecting and separating of blood components by automated cell separation equipment. Plasmapheresis is a type of apheresis sometimes used to remove harmful substances in the blood plasma of patients with some types of cancers. Cytapheresis is used to remove excess cells from the blood of some patients with leukemia. Apheresis is also used for collection of blood components used in transfusion therapy of patients with cancer. www.cancer.org/docroot/FTC/content/FTC_1_1_Service_Terminology_Glossary.asp A therapy in which blood is withdrawn from a patient, the plasma is removed and replaced, and the blood is returned to the patient in a transfusion. This leaves red and white cells in place but removes the antibodies. Plasmapheresis is used to treat several autoimmune diseases but has had mixed success with primary and secondary-progressive MS patients. www.healthtalk.com/multiplesclerosis/diseasebasics05.cfm Removal of plasma, or the fluid portion of the blood that does not include cells, from the blood. This fluid contains the antibodies and its removal is an experimental treatment for MS. https://www.ucsfhealth.org/adult/edu/msGlossary.html Top Plasmapheresis is the process of filtering the blood through a machine. The filtration takes out proteins that may aggravate lupus. www.mtio.com/lupus/lfanp2.htm A procedure to remove plasma from the body and to replace with fresh plasma. Can prevent chronic renal failure if the acute renal failure is due to an immunological condition. www.renalpharmacy.org.uk/reference/glosary.html The process of removing certain proteins from the blood and separating the specific cellular elements. www.blooddiagnostics.com/Blood%20Diagnostics/Glossary.htm This procedure involves removing blood from the body, separating and discarding the plasma proteins, and then returning the patient's own blood into the body along with additional protein. In this way, autoantibodies may be removed from the blood stream in patients affected by autoimmune diseases. Plasmapheresis requires that a large double IV line be placed in a large vein and complications from IV line placement are the major source of concern from this procedure. www.bgsm.edu/neurology/department/diagneuro/Glossary.html a procedure for removing unwanted substances from the blood in which blood is drawn, its plasma is separated and replaced, and the cleansed blood is returned to the body www.american-depot.com/services/resources_gl_p.asp plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn Plasmapheresis is the removal of (components of) blood plasma from the circulation. It is used as a therapy in particular diseases, and it is also the way by which blood donors donate only plasma, with remaining red cells and platelets returned to their circulatory systems up to twice weekly. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmapheresis |
| PLASMID | Extrachromosomal pieces of cDNA. An extrachromosomal genetic element in bacteria. A plasmid is a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that usually confers some evolutionary advantage to the host organism such as resistance to antibiotics, production of colicins. Plasmids replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome & constitute a useful tool in recombinant DNA technology |
| PLASMIN |
| PLASMODIUM | A genus of parasitic protozoans which includes the organism that causes malaria in humans |
| PLASTIC LUMBER | Recycled plastic which has been extruded into a form similar to lumber. Plastic lumber may come in dimensions such as 4, 8, 12, and 16 foot lengths with cross-sections, measured in inches, of 2x2, 2x4, 2x10, 3x12, 4x4, and 6x6. Plastic lumber has a higher thermal expansion coefficient than wood. It is non-toxic, very weather resistant, and does not need to be painted. Uses for plastic lumber include material for signposts, picnic tables, park benches, and privacy fences. (Synonyms: recycled plastic lumber) |
| PLASTOMERS | metallocene-based polyolefins--are sometimes substitutes for TPEs and thermoset rubber. But it's still difficult to gauge their impact |
| PLATELET | A small, irregularly shaped disk present in the blood & that functions in blood clotting by releasing thromboplastin |
| PNEUMATIC FRACTURING | can best be described as a process whereby a gas is injected into the subsurface at pressures exceeding the natural insitu pressures present in the soil / rock interface (i.e. overburden pressure, cohesive stresses, etc.) and at flow volumes exceeding the natural permeability of the subsurface. |
| POLYCYCLOALKENAMER | Obtainable by metathesis reaction of cycloal kenes. Monomers used - Cyclobutene - Cyclopentene - Cyclooctene - Norbornene & - Dicyclopentadiene |
| POLYDISPERSITY INDEX | Ratio of weight averaged MW to number averaged MW in synthetic polymers. It is a measure of MW distribution in polymers. The lower the ratio, the narrower the MW distribution |
| POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE (PHA) | Poly(Ester) derived from HydroxyAcids other than Lactic Acid |
| POLYMER BRUSHES | A novel class of materials with "smart surfaces" that can adapt to their environment and be tailored for a wide range of uses--including adhesives, microfluidics, lithography, and chromatography--is emerging from the application of state-of-the-art polymerization techniques. ANALYSIS Boyes (sitting) and Brittain examine polymer brushes prepared by living radical polymerization techniques. UNIVERSITY OF AKRON PHOTO The materials, known as polymer brushes, consist of polymer chains tethered at one end, usually by covalent bonds, to a surface or interface. "The surface is commonly an inorganic substrate such as gold or silicate, but can also be a polymer surface," according to William J. Brittain, professor of polymer science at the University of Akron, in Ohio |
| POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION | A method for amplifying a DNA base sequence using a heat- stable polymerase and two 20-base primers, one complementary to the (+)-strand at one end of the sequence to be amplified and the other complementary to the (- )-strand at the other end. Because the newly synthesized DNA strands can subsequently serve as additional templates for the same primer sequences, successive rounds of primer annealing, strand elongation, and dissociation produce rapid and highly specific amplification of the desired sequence. PCR also can be used to detect the existence of the defined sequence in a DNA sample |
| POLYMORPHS (pharma.) | Polymorphs arise when molecules of a compound stack in the solid state in distinct ways. Although identical in chemical composition, polymorphs can have very different properties. They are distinguishable by various analytical techniques, especially X-ray powder diffraction. In addition, solids may form solvates and hydrates, also called pseudopolymorphs. Polymorphs tend to convert from less stable to more stable forms. The rate of conversion depends on the required activation energy and the differences in free energies. But no method yet exists to predict the polymorphs of a solid compound with significant certainty. The search for polymorphs is largely an empirical exercise |
| POLYURETHANE SYSTEMS | Formulated packages contg isocyanates & polyols |
| POMPE DISEASE | Pompe disease affects an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 patients worldwide and is clinically heterogeneous in the age of onset, the extent of organ involvement, and the rate of progression. The early onset form of the disease is the most severe, progresses most rapidly, and is characterized by musculoskeletal, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cardiac symptoms that usually lead to death from cardio-respiratory failure between 1 and 2 years of age. The late onset form of the disease begins between childhood and adulthood and has a slower rate of progression that is characterized by musculoskeletal and pulmonary symptoms that usually lead to progressive weakness and respiratory insufficiency. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Office of Orphan Products Development has granted orphan drug designation for the active ingredient in AT2220 in the United States |
| POSITIVE PHOTORESIST (Electronics. Semiconductor) | A positive-tone resist is insoluble in the developer solvent but is solubilized by exposure to UV light. For some years, fabricators have used a positive-tone resist of phenol novolac formulated with 2-diazonaphthoquinone. Novolac is a thermoplastic alkali-soluble, phenol-formol resin whose polymer chains have stopped short of cross-linking to the three-dimensional, thermosetting, insoluble form. The diazo compd is a dissolution inhibitor When exposed to light, the diazo compd photolyzes to indene-2-carboxylic acid. When light-exposed areas are developed with aq. alkali, the indenecarboxylic acid leaches out, & the novolac resin also dissolves away. |
| POSITRON | an elementary particle with positive charge; interaction of a positron and an electron results in annihilation |
| POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY | is a medical imaging method which can measure the concentration and movement of a positron emitting isotope in living tissue. Due to its inherent quantitative biochemical nature, PET is in the extraordinary position to reveal the molecular mechanisms of human disease and to facilitate the development of new drugs. |
| POST OPERATIVE ILEUS | temporary impairment of gastrointestinal motility after abdominal or other surgeries. |
| PPAR PAN AGONIST (Diabetes) | Activate all the the PPAR subtypes |
| PRESBYCUSIS | A progressive high-frequency hearing loss that occurs with increasing age. |
| PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE | Adhesive which retains tack after release of the solvent, so that it can be bonded by simple hand pressure |
| PRIAPISM | Type of erectile dysfunction in which penis has "Erection" without any sort of stimulation |
| PRIMARY BATTERY | NonRechargeable. Reaction is Irrevesible, so once it is complete, the flow of electrons ceases & battery becomes useless |
| PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA | PH type I: is an autosomal recessive disorder of glyoxylate metabolism caused by deficiency of the hepatic peroxisomal enzyme alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), the gene of which has been sequenced and located on chromosome 2q37.3. Over 50 mutations in this gene have been identified so far with the c.508A>C (formerly G630A), 33_34insC and 731T>C accounting for about 50% of the mutations in the European and American population. The disease occurs because AGT activity is either low or absent (~ two thirds) or because it is mistargeted to the mitochondria (~ one third). PH-1 shows considerable phenotypic, enzymatic and genotypic heterogeneity. PH type II: is again an extremely rare disorder with autosomal recessive transmission due to low or absent activity of the cytosolic enzyme glyoxylate reductase (GR). PH-II can be as heterogeneous as PH I, but it is generally less severe and systemic involvement is normally very rare. Nevertheless, there are patients with ESRF described in the literature. It is believed that there may be at least another form of PH yet to be explained since several clinical centers have reported children with consistently high urinary levels of oxalate whose liver biopsies did not show the specific enzyme defect associated with type-I or II. |
| PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY | Primary immunodeficiency disorders encompass more than 100 diseases caused by an immune system that does not function correctly. According to the Immune Deficiency Foundation, approximately 50,000 persons in the United States have one of the primary immunodeficiency disorders. For many people with primary immunodeficiency, the cause is a lack of antibodies. IGIV therapy can help restore IgG levels to near normal, helping the immune system function properly and prevent infections or fight them when they occur. primary immunodeficiency disorders associated with defects in humoral immunity. These include but are not limited to congenital X-linked agammaglobulinemia, common variable immunodeficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and severe combined immunodeficiencies |
| PRIMER (Nucleic Acid Chemistry) | Strings of nucleotides - for PCR Diag. Tests. Short, single-stranded RNA or DNA segment that functions as the starting point for the polymn. of nucleotides |
| PRINS REACTION | Olefin + CH2O + H2O = 1,3-Diol |
| PROACCELERIN | An accessory protein that participates in the activation of prothrombin to thrombin in both the extrinsic & intrinsic pathways of blood clotting |
| PROCESS CHEMISTRY | interface of organic chemistry with business. "The chemistry itself is an applied form of organic chemistry targeted at specific molecules. It's more than just the ability to make the molecule. It's the ability to make it with a high degree of specificity and quality, cost effectively, with low impact to the environment." |
| PROCTOLOGY | Branch of Medicine dealing with Diag.,Etiology; Prevn. & Treat. of pathologies affecting the Anus & Colon |
| PRODRUG | Inactive or Latent Form Converted to Active Form by Enzyme |
| PROFILING PROTEOMICS | researchers identify proteins that are expressed in disease states at higher or lower levels than in normal states and thus serve as potential markers for those diseases. |
| PROGESTOGEN | A substance that induces progestational changes in the uterus; progestin or related synthetic compds |
| PROGNOSIS. | Determn of possibility of FUTURE occurrence of predetermined condition |
| PROGNOSIS. MEDICINE | "prognostic" test or assay provides specific information regarding the outcome of that disease- |
| PROMISCUOUS DRUG LEADS (Pharma.) | Some molecules culled from compound libraries look like promising drug leads: They're good at inhibiting a particular disease-causing enzyme. But soon it becomes apparent that these molecules aren't at all selective; they inhibit everything under the sun. Chemists call them "promiscuous." |
| PROMOTER | A region of DNA extending 150-300 bp upstream from the transcription start site that contains binding sites for RNA polymerase and a number of proteins that regulate the rate of transcription of the adjacent gene. (See Constitutive promoter) A DNA site to which RNA polymerase will bind and initiate transcription |
| PROSTATITIS | The term actually encompasses 4 disorders: 1. Acute bacterial prostatitis 2. chronic bacterial prostatitis 3. chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) 4. Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis CPPS (Most Common) Symptoms include pain (pelvic and genitals), urinary frequency and erectile dysfunction |
| PROTEASE INHIBITORS | Interfere with the maturation of the virus inside the cell |
| PROTEASE PAUNCH | Pathological condition characterized by body fat redistribution; resulting in wasting of arms & legs & increased fat around midsection. Such condition is SIDE EFFECT of AIDS patients submitted to HIV Protease Inhibitor drugs |
| PROTEASOME | "Proteasome" term coined by Goldberg Alfred L.; Cell biology prof. at Harvard Medical School; result of combination of "Protease" & "Some" (small particle or body). In eukaryotic cells, the entire proteasome complex is called the "26S Proteasome". It consists of a central, barrel-shaped 20S core unit, in which proteins are digested, & one or 2 19S proteasome particles, which cap the ends of the 20S proteasome unit & regulate entry of protein substrates into it. The three-dimensional structure of the proteasome & its mechanism of action were determined in the mid-1990s at Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany, postdoc Michael Groll & prof. Robert Huber in the Dept of structural research & prof. Wolfgang Baumeister et al in the Dept of molecular structural biology [Science, 268, p. 533 & 579 (1995); Nature, 386, p. 463 (1997)]. Unlike conventional proteases, which cut a protein once, the 20S proteasome cleaves a protein many times. Goldberg's group has shown that the cut pieces range in length from 3-23 AA. After these small peptides are released from the proteasome, most are hydrolyzed to AA, but some are delivered to cell surface for display to the immune system |
| PROTEIN DEAMIDATION | the process by which asparagine and glutamine amino acid side chains spontaneously shed their amide groups |
| PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE | Cell enzyme that catalyzes disulfide cleavage & re-formation for correct folding of misfolded multiple (> 2) disulfide contg proteins |
| PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILING (Proteomics) | The study of expressed proteins in different cell types. Researchers often compare protein expression in diseased versus normal cells to identify potential disease-related proteins |
| PROTEIN FUNCTION | The traditional meaning of function should be updated in this postgenomic sequencing era (actual proteomic sequencing era; Feb. 2000) according to Prof. Eisenberg David of UCLA. The function of a protein should no longer be thought of as converting a substrate to a prodt or as bringing about a binding reaction. A new way to define protein function would be to describe the protein in the context of its interaction in the cell. "What we want to know about the protein is all the other molecules in the cell that it interacts with" |
| PROTEOGENOMICS | has been coined to describe the merging of genomics, proteomics, small molecules, and informatics. And covering all the bases but working backwards researchers can take a deconstructive approach through reverse proteomics and reverse genomics |
| PROTEOME MINING | technology that allows for simultaneous identification of therapeutic targets and potential therapeutic compounds that inhibit the activity of these targets |
| PROTEOMICS. | Embraces the study of the expression products of the tens of thousands of genes already on table as well as those crowding the horizon. It encompasses proteins, their structures, interactions & patterns of evolution. It aims to characterize every protein an organism produces from birth to death, in health & disease. It plans to unlock the deepest secrets of the cell - mapping, for example, the rhythmic rise & fall of its constituent proteins, the myriad reactions involved in their synthesis & degradation, the signaling pathways that launch numerous cascades of molecular events, & the "Housekeeping" rituals that maintain law & order in a cell's congested dynamic environment. At the same time, it promises to deliver the ultimate phylogenetic tapestry, a panoramic mosaic of the biochemical relationships developed among organisms through evolutionary time. Proteomics is not the study of proteins one by one, as has traditionally been done, but in an automated, large-scale manner. The field includes: - "Transcriptional profiling" to determine "which genes are transcribed into RNA in a particular cell type, developmental stage, or disease state" - High-throughput expression & purification of proteins - Protein profiling, the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis & mass spectrometry to study the proteins expressed in a cell - Protein-protein interaction studies to see which proteins function together, primarily using a technique called "YEAST TWO-HYBRID" method - Pathway analysis to understand signal transduction & other complex cell processes - Large-scale protein folding & 3-D structure studies - Bioinformatics analysis of proteomics data It involves research that stradles the biological, biomedical, chemical, computer, mathematical & physical sciences. It ultimately involves the determination of sequence, structure & function of all proteins involved in cell's life |
| PROTEOMICS. (FIELDS STANLEY PROF.) | The analysis of complete complements of proteins.Proteomics includes not only the identification & quantification of proteins, but also the determination of their localiza tion, modifications, interactions, activities & ultimately their function. Ref.: Science [291, p. 1221 (2001)]. Fields Stanley is genetics & medicine prof. & Howard Hughes Medical Institute investiga tor of the University of Washington, Seattle, USA. |
| PROTOFIBRIL | It has taken a while, but the hypothesis that a precursor of the insoluble amyloid fibril may be the more dangerous entity is now gaining ground. And some researchers further believe that the smaller, soluble precursor, which is often called an amyloid oligomer or protofibril, may do its damage by creating holes--pores or ion channels--in cellular membranes |
| PRURITUS | Skin Itching |
| PSEUDOBULBAR AFFECT | A significant percentage of patients with neurodegenerative disorders experience on-going episodes of uncontrolled laughter or tearfulness. This symptom, described medically as pseudobulbar affect, is typically characterized by periodic episodes of laughing or crying out of proportion, or out of context to the basic social setting. The mechanism underlying these episodes is unclear. Although not physically harmful, the condition has a significant effect on the health of both patients and their caregivers |
| PSYCHROPHILIC ENZYME | Enzyme adapted to work at low T |
| PTCA (See Abbrev.) | mechanical dilatation device is disposed across an obstruction in the patient's artery and then dilated to compress the plaque lining the artery to restore patency to the vessel |
| PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY (Pharma.) | Delivering of Pulses of the Drug. With Pulsatile Delivery, one Dosage Form Releases an Initial Dose Followed by a Release-Free Interval, After which a Second Dose is Released, Followed by One or More Release-Free Intervals & Drug-Release Pulses |
| PUR (Abbrev.) SYSTEM | offer ready-for-use urethane raw materials packages for special applications |
| PURINE BINDING PROTEOME | subset of the proteins of a given proteome that bind to purine cofactors such as ATP or NADH |
| PURINE COFACTOR | certain chemical molecules that have nitrogen-containing ring structures and are critical to cellular function |
| QUADRUPLEX | In homo sapiens the extreme ends are single stranded for up to 200 bases in length. These sequences can fold up in a variety of ways to form four-stranded structures, termed quadruplexes. |
| QUANTUM DOT | luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals |
| RACEMIC SWITCH | The switch of racemic compd (usually in Pharma. industry) to enantiomeric compd; accompanied with improved properties such as higher therapeutic activity (requiring lesser dosages), better bioavailability, lesser toxic side effects etc. Strategy also used to prolong Patent's Lifetime |
| RADIOCHEMISTRY | the part of chemistry that deals with radioactive materials, including the production of radionuclides and their decay products |
| RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY | Biotargeted radiopharmaceuticals |
| RADIOISOTOPE | a metalic radioisotope that enables diagnostic imaging and/or radiotherapy |
| RADIOMETAL | a metalic radioisotope that enables diagnostic imaging and/or radiotherapy |
| RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL | a radioactively tagged pharmaceutical |
| RADOMES | Missile nose cones |
| RAF KINASE | the oncogene raf encodes three serine and threonine-specific protein kinases, calledraf-1 ( c-raf), A-raf ( orraf-A ) andB-raf ( orraf-B ) that are localized in the cytoplasm. c-raf-1 is the cellular homologue of v-raf, an oncogene found in the acute transforming replication- defective type C murine sarcoma virus 3661. Themil oncogene , a second oncogene in the avian retrovirus MH2, which contains the myc oncogene , is the avian equivalent of the murine raf oncogene . The raf-1 gene maps to human chromosome 3p25; raf-2 is a processed pseudogene on human chromosome 4pter-p15. raf-1 is a protein of 70-75 kDa that is expressed in all organs and cell lines. raf-A and raf-B are expressed in urogenital tissues and brain, respectively. Activated raf-1 expresses a constitutive protein kinase and functions as an intracellular activator of cell growth. A revertant cell line, generated from v-raf-transformed 3T3 fibroblasts has been found to be deficient in the induction of ERG (Early response gene ) by serum and Phorbol esters . This oncogene is important, therefore, for the regulation of some responses mediated by these stimuli. Several cytokines have been shown to induce the synthesis of raf-1 kinase, including PDGF , M-CSF , GM-CSF , EGF , IL2 and IL3 . The activation of raf kinase, for example by the protein kinase activity of the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor eventually activates the transcription of genes, among them also cytokine genes with promoters that contain the binding site for transcription factor AP-1/PEA3 (see: jun ). An activated raf gene has been identified in the stomach cancer of a Japanese patient and there is some evidence for a relationship of raf-1 to renal cell carcinoma. A radiation-resistant laryngeal carcinoma cell line has been shown also to contain altered raf-1 sequences. The transforming DNA in a human glioblastoma line has been found to be identical with the raf gene |
| RAYNAUD'S DISEASE | Blood Circulation Disorder affecting mainly the hands. Characterized by pain & tendency to color change. Disease is caused by external inflences like cold, Humidity, Vibration, Nicotin usage leading to tissue inflammation |
| RAYNAUD'S PHENOMEN | In Raynaud's phenomenon, exposure to the cold or strong emotions trigger blood vessel spasms that result in interruption of blood flow to the fingers, toes, ears, and nose. Raynaud's phenomenon can occur without any other associated symptoms or disease |
| REBOXETINE | 2-(I-((2-ethoxyphenoxy)benzyl)-morpholine [NARI (Abbrev.)] |
| RECESSIVE DYSTROPHIC EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA | RDEB, the most severe form of Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB), is a devastating congenital skin disorder characterized by painful ulcerations and widespread, permanent scarring resulting in deformity of the hands and feet. As a result, many RDEB patients require repeated surgeries, resulting in a need for replacement skin, to allow greater use of their extremities |
| RENIN | A proteolytic enzyme produced by the kidney that has hormone-like properties & catalyzes the conversion og angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| RESIDUAL FUEL | Fuel composed mainly of materials remaining as unevaporated after distn. of crude oil |
| RESPIRATORY BURST | Neutrophils serve as the body's primary cellular defense against bacterial infection. One of the mechanisms by which neutrophils destroy invading microorganisms is through the generation of various toxic oxygen metabolites via the so-called "respiratory burst" (Babior, NEJM 298: 659-668 (1978)). "Respiratory burst" is the name given the phenomenon that occurs when neutrophils undergo a large burst in respiration in which oxygen is converted to superoxide anion (O.sub.2 -), the initial product of the respiratory burst. Superoxide anion is generated by an NADPH oxidase found in neutrophils and other phagocytes (Babior, supra (1978; Clark, J. Infect. Dis. 161 : 1140-7 (1990)). This "enzyme" is actually a miniature electron transport chain consisting of multiple plasma membrane- and cytosollocalized protein components. The oxidase is apparently dormant in resting neutrophils, but acquires catalytic activity when the cells are stimulated. (See Curnutte, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 6450-2 (1987).) This dramatic increase in oxidative metabolism triggered by phagocytosis or exposure to certain inflammatory mediators is also characteristic of mononuclear phagocytes and eosinophils, but it is best understood in neutrophils. (See Clark, J. Infect. Dis. 161: 1140-7 (1990).) |
| RESTENOSIS | Vascular Artery Wall Injury occurring after Coronary Angioplasty |
| RESTLESS LEG SYNDROME | RLS are also called (nocturnal) myoclonus, which describes frequent or involuntary muscle spasms. Restless Leg Syndrome Restless leg syndrome was described as early as the 16th century but was not studied until the 1940s. People with RLS complain of an irresistible urge to move their legs while at rest. A person with RLS will experience a vague, uncomfortable feeling while at rest that is only relieved by moving the legs. The symptoms of RLS may be present all day long, making it difficult for an individual to sit motionless. Or they may be present only in the late evening. Late evening symptoms can lead to sleep onset insomnia, which tends to compound the effects of RLS. Pregnancy, uremia, and post-surgery conditions have also been known to increase the incidence of RLS. And, surprisingly, fever seems to decrease it. Although one study found RLS to be most prevalent in middle-aged females, its incidence increases with age. Restless leg syndrome is estimated to affect 5% of the population. Approximately 80% of people with RLS have PLMD, though most people with PLMD do not experience RLS. |
| RETARDATION FILM (LCD) | The retardation film corrects birefringence, which is generated through the process of light passing through liquid crystal, to eliminate optical distortion of light. The products expand the angle of view field and brightness required for wide size television with LCD. |
| RETENTATE | IN ALL FOUR TYPES of membrane filtration, the liquid that passes through the membrane is known as the permeate, and the material that does not pass through is called the retentate. The membranes are made of a variety of materials, including polymers, ceramics, and metals. They are usually manufactured as flat sheets mounted on supports or as spiral-wound or tubular modules |
| RETROSYNTHETIC ANALYSIS | the logical deconstruction of molecules to be synthesized into simpler and simpler precursors until simple or commercially available compounds are obtained. Developed in the 1960s, the method systematized the way chemists designed syntheses. At the time, when syntheses were planned on the basis of trial and error, assumed starting points, or inexplicable insights, the concept was radical |
| RETT SYNDROME | Is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs almost exclusively in girls. The disease is named for ANDREAS RETT, an Austrian physician who first described the condition in 1966. It became known world wide 2 decades later following publication of a report describing 35 affected girls from Sweden, Portugal & France. Infants & children with Rett syndrome develop normally until they are 6-18 months old. Then these children hit a wall. They stop learning new skills & gradually or suddenly lose the ability to do things that they had already learned to do - such as controlling their hands, speaking, & walking. Purposeful hand use is gradually replaced by repetitive, uncontrolled hand movements including clapping or "washing & wringing" motions. Children may also develop autistic symptoms like decreased eye contact & inattentive behavior, impaired walking & trunk movement, severe motor apraxia (the inability to plan movement), as well as breathing trouble, seizures, swallowing difficulties, & a cognitive decline. Severe scoliosis & muscle wasting often land the firls in wheelchairs. These symptoms tend to worsen, but when the child is older, say 2-10 years old, the regression stops & the symptoms become rel. stable. Some improvement in communication skills may also be achieved & continue into adulthood. But many of those with Rett syndrome remain in this stage of stabilization. It is a devastating diagnosis. The disorder is seen in every ethnic & geographic population worldwide. Although it remains underrecognized, Rett syndrome is thought to be a leading cause of progressive neurodevelopmental impairment in females. The frequency of the disorder appears to vary among different populations & geographic regions, ranging from an estimated 1 in 10,000-20,000 female births. There is evidence that males with the genetic mutation die before birth. More than 99% of those affected have no history of Rett syndrome in their family. There is no cure. Therapies to improve the quality of life of girls with Rett remain elusive. Update: 12.00 |
| REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE | An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleoside-5'-triphosphates, using RNA as a template. The enzyme has been found in retroviruses & in some other viruses. The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme is in contradiction to the flow of genetic information described by the original central dogma of molecular biology: DNA to RNA to Protein. The enzyme actually has three enzymatic activities: (1) It copies a single-stranded RNA mole. to yield a double-stranded DNA-RNA hybrid (2) It copies a single-stranded DNA mole. to yield a double-stranded DNA mole. (3) It degrades the RNA in DNA-RNA hybrid (this is called its ribonuclease H, RNAase H, activity) |
| REVERSE CHEMICAL GENETICS | Geneticists have recently developed a new strategy, often called "reverse genetics", involving gene knockouts. Mutations are used on a specific, previously identified gene to create & study a biological system in which that gene is no longer expressed. In a paralell manner, the strategy of reverse chemical genetics involves finding small molecules that will bind to and/or disrupt the function of pure proteins in vitro. The small molecules are then used to study the effects of deleting the function of that specific protein in a cell or organism. To use the lock-and-key metaphor, reverse chemical genetics involves starting with a specific lock & door you have already identified (i.e., you already have your target protein). Then you try a very wide range of keys in order to find one that fits. Once you have found one that fits, you open the door & see what you can discover |
| REVERSE LIPID TRANSPORT | The RLT pathway is a four-step process responsible for removing excess cholesterol and other lipids from the walls of arteries and other tissues, and transporting them to the liver for elimination from the body. The first step is the removal of cholesterol from the walls of arteries by HDL in a process called "cholesterol removal". In the second step, cholesterol is converted to a new form that is more tightly associated with HDL as it is carried in the blood; this process is called "cholesterol conversion". The third step is the transport and delivery of that converted cholesterol to the liver in a process called "cholesterol transport". The final step is the transformation and discarding of cholesterol by the liver in a process known as "cholesterol elimination". We believe our product candidates have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of these four steps in the RLT pathway in humans. In a healthy human body, there is a balance between the delivery and removal of cholesterol. Over time, however, an imbalance can occur in our bodies in which there is too much cholesterol delivery by LDL and too little removal by HDL. When people have a high level of LDL-cholesterol, or LDL-C, and a low level of HDL-C, the imbalance results in more cholesterol being deposited in arterial walls than being removed. This imbalance can also be exaggerated by, among other factors, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, genetic factors, physical inactivity and consumption of a high fat diet. The excess cholesterol carried in the blood in LDL particles can be deposited throughout the body, but can frequently end up in the arterial walls, especially those found in the heart. As a consequence, repeated deposits of cholesterol called plaque can form and possibly narrow the arteries, which may lead to acute chest pain (i.e. angina) or a heart attack. These are known as the "acute coronary syndromes". |
| REVERSE OSMOSIS | And reverse osmosis, which employs membranes with the smallest pore sizes, is a high-pressure water-removing process that is widely used to purify wastewater and desalinate seawater |
| REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS | Interfere with conversion of viral RNA to DNA |
| REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION | The reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase |
| REVERSE TRANSFECTION | Technology platform extends upon a routine laboratory technique called transfection. Transfection involves the introduction of foreign nucleic acids (e.g. siRNA or DNA) into a cell to study their effect on cellular networks and pathways. In conventional transfection, scientists add a solution containing siRNA or DNA and a transfection reagent onto cells growing in a petri dish or small vessel known as a microwell, and the foreign nucleic acids are subsequently taken up by the cell. Reverse transfection technology uses a microwell surface coated with foreign siRNA or DNA and adds cells to the coated surface rather than vice versa. This reduces the time, labor and amount of expensive reagents required for experiments and greatly increases the number of targets that can be examined. |
| RIBONOMICS | has been used to describe the subset of mRNAs that bind with proteins |
| RIBOPROTEOMICS | The study of RNA-protein interactions |
| RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT | One of the two ribonucleoprotein particles that make up the complete ribosome; the 30S or the 50S particle in bacteria, the 40S or the 60S particle in plant & animal cells |
| RIBOZYME | A catalytic RNA segment that has the ability to break & form covalent bonds |
| RING CLOSING METATHESIS | (CH2=CH)2-(CH2)n = CycloOlefin (n+2 C)+Ethy lene |
| RING OPENING METATHESIS | CycloOlefin (n CH2)+CH2=CHR = CH2=CH-(CH2)n- CH=CH-R |
| RING OPENING METATHESIS POLYMN. | n CycloOlefin (m CH2) = [=CH-(CH2)m=]n |
| RINGER'S SOLUTION | isotonic saline solution comprising 0.86 gm of NaCl, 0.03 gm of KCl, and 0.033 gm of CaCl.sub.2 in 100 ml of purified water. |
| RLT PATHWAY | The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart and blood vessels and delivers oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues and organs of the body, such as the brain, kidneys and lungs; in addition, it is able to remove waste products. The heart propels blood through a network of arteries and veins. The kidneys regulate blood volume, and the lungs put oxygen in the blood and remove carbon dioxide. To accomplish these tasks, the cardiovascular system must maintain adequate blood flow, which can be dramatically reduced by the excessive deposit of a fat, or lipid, called "cholesterol" within the artery walls. Cholesterol is essential for normal cell function. Our bodies obtain cholesterol both through the foods we eat and by manufacturing cholesterol inside some of our cells and organs. Cholesterol either remains within the cell or is transported by the blood to various organs. The major carriers for cholesterol in the blood are known as lipoproteins, which are particles composed of fat and protein, including low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, and high-density lipoprotein, or HDL. LDL delivers cholesterol to organs where it can be used to produce hormones, maintain healthy cells or be transformed into natural products that assist in the digestion of other lipids. HDL removes excess cholesterol from arteries and tissues to transport it back to the liver for elimination. The RLT pathway is a four-step process responsible for removing excess cholesterol and other lipids from the walls of arteries and other tissues, and transporting them to the liver for elimination from the body. The first step is the removal of cholesterol from the walls of arteries by HDL in a process called "cholesterol removal". In the second step, cholesterol is converted to a new form that is more tightly associated with HDL as it is carried in the blood; this process is called "cholesterol conversion". The third step is the transport and delivery of that converted cholesterol to the liver in a process called "cholesterol transport". The final step is the transformation and discarding of cholesterol by the liver in a process known as "cholesterol elimination". We believe our product candidates have the potential to enhance the effectiveness of these four steps in the RLT pathway in humans. In a healthy human body, there is a balance between the delivery and removal of cholesterol. Over time, however, an imbalance can occur in our bodies in which there is too much cholesterol delivery by LDL and too little removal by HDL. When people have a high level of LDL-cholesterol, or LDL-C, and a low level of HDL-C, the imbalance results in more cholesterol being deposited in arterial walls than being removed. This imbalance can also be exaggerated by, among other factors, age, gender, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, genetic factors, physical inactivity and consumption of a high fat diet. The excess cholesterol carried in the blood in LDL particles can be deposited throughout the body, but can frequently end up in the arterial walls, especially those found in the heart. As a consequence, repeated deposits of cholesterol called plaque can form and possibly narrow the arteries, which may lead to acute chest pain (i.e. angina) or a heart attack. These are known as the "acute coronary syndromes". |
| RNA APTAMER | protein-binding oligonucleotide |
| RNA INTERFERENCE | In this process, short pieces of double-stranded RNA are incorporated into a protein complex known as the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which catalyzes the cleavage of messenger RNA and thus suppresses gene expression. |
| ROCHOW REACTION | Alkyl or Aryl Halide + Si = OrganoHaloSilane |
| ROMP (Abbrev.) GELS (CombiChem) | soluble or insoluble oligomeric or polymeric reagents and scavengers that can be used in combinatorial synthesis. |
| RUMEN | Is the section of the bovine stomach where the first round of digestion takes place |
| S PHASE | Phase of the cell cycle in which the DNA doubles. |
| SACCHARASE | Beta-h-Fructosidase;an enzyme hydrolyzing beta-d-fructofuranosides and releasing free d-fructose; if the substrate is sucrose, the product is d-glucose plus d-fructose (invert sugar); invert sugar is more easily digestible than sucrose. Synonym: invertase, invertin, saccharase |
| SAKURAI REACTION | Me-C6H4-CHO+(Me)3Si-CH2-CH=CH2 = Me-C6H4- -CHOH-CH2-CH=CH2 mediated by 1. TiCl4, DCM 2. PS-DEAM, PS-DIEA Sakurai H., Pure Appl. Chem. 1982, 54, 1. |
| SALTZ REGIMEN (Oncology) | 5-FU/Leucovorin/CPT-11 |
| SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION | A mode of nutrition of "plant-like" organisms (such as bacteria & fungi) in which the organism derives its nutrients from dead or decaying plant or animal matter in the form of organic compds in soln |
| SAR BY NMR (Pharma.>Drug Discovery) | In this technique, NMR is used to obtain structure & affinity data on fragments that bind to proteins. Frag ments are then combined & modified to yield higher affinity ligands & drug leads |
| SARCOMA | A malignant tumor that arises from connec tive tissue |
| SARCOPENIA | age-related muscle loss |
| SATIETY | How soon one feels, one has eaten enough (Obesity regulation) |
| SCAFFOLD (Pharma.) | Functional group-rich molecules used as building blocks for medicinal compd. libraries. |
| SCHIZOPHRENIA | The brain is a complex network of nerve cells. These nerve cells communicate with one other through electrical impulses and chemical signals. Chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters, help you receive accurate information, process the information (make sense of it), and make decisions based on the information you receive and process. Schizophrenia can affect the way your brain receives information in several ways: Your brain receives an overload of information. You become more sensitive to stimuli around you, such as lights, noises, and background information, and your brain has trouble sorting out what you hear and see. Often, messages get jumbled Your brain receives information that may not be accurate. Because your brain is not receiving accurate information, your senses may play tricks on you, and you might hear, see, taste, touch, or smell things that others do not. This is known as a hallucination. Your brain may store information incorrectly. As new information is received, your brain may store it with memories that are not related to it. This may cause you to respond with an inappropriate emotion, such as laughing at sad news. Schizophrenia may affect the way your brain understands information in the following ways: Your brain processes information more slowly. Your mind may be flooded with information, making it overworked and overloaded. Your response time may slow down because there is just too much information to think about. It may take you longer to learn a new skill. Your brain doesn't have all of the information it needs to understand the message. Your brain may receive only bits and pieces of information, like pieces of a puzzle. You may have to struggle to fit those pieces together so that the message makes sense. Your brain may reach incorrect conclusions. Using incomplete messages can lead to illogical or incorrect conclusions???resulting in false beliefs, such as delusions. |
| SCHWANN CELL | The cell surrounding a myelinated nerve axon |
| SCIENCE LINKAGE | Patent indicator, which indicates the number of references in the firm own patent application to scientific papers |
| SCINTILLATION | The emission of flashes of light by fluorescent substances subsequent to their excitation by means of radioactive or other radiation |
| SCLERODERMA | A rare connective tissue disease in which the the most familiar abnormality is thickening and tightening of the skin. It may occur in various forms (diffuse, limited cutaneous). |
| SCORCHINESS | Used to indicate that premature vulcaniza tion occurs when a particular elastomer is mixed with crosslinking agent |
| SECONDARY BATTERY | ReChargeable. Internal electrochemical reac tions are Reversible. That makes the batteries ReChargeable usually by plugging them into a wall socket |
| SECONDARY PREVN. OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | in the period following the initial survival of a heart attack, the post myocardial infarction period |
| SELECTIVE INTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY | When radioactive particles or microspheres are administered into the blood supply of the target organ, the technique has become known as Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT). Generally, the main form of application of SIRT has been its use to treat cancers in the liver. |
| SELF SYNTHESIS | embraces not only self-assembly and self-organization, but also self-replication and template-type polymerization or autocatalysis |
| SEMEN | Thick, whitish fluid containing sperm that is discharged through the penis during ejaculation |
| SEP - VIDA A SO | Ideas e observacoes Renata G. (28.12.04) 1. Empregada. 2. InCap. Fisica - em cama em casa ou hospita l. - Podendo ASSINAR E ESCREVER - OK 3. InCap. Mental - Problema. 4. LIMITED Power of Attorney. Valido en vida e da poder de movimentacion de cuenta INTERNA i.e. compra e venda de titulos 5. FULL Power of Attorney. Valido en vida e da poderes TOTALES. 6. Obtener carton e senha (Bradesco). Poder de SACAR dinero en $R do Bradesco ao cambio comercial. Igual que carton Itau 7. Abrir conta conjunta T. e L. no valor de 100.000, arriscando a dar p ela 50,000 |
| SEPSIS | Blood Generalized Infection |
| SEPTICEMIA | The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood |
| SERRAPEPTASE | is protein digesting enzyme which breaks down "non living" matter in the human body. This may promote a reduction in levels of dead tissue in the circulatory system, promoting smoother healthier flowing blood. Fibrin often builds up throughout the body and manifest in many undesirable and unhealthy ailments. Serrapeptase fights fibrin build up in the cardiovascular system, organs and muscle tissue |
| SEVERE MALIGNANT OSTEOPETROSIS | life-threatening, congenital disorder that primarily affects children. This disease results in increased susceptibility to infection and an overgrowth of bony structures that may lead to blindness and/or deafness. |
| SEWAGE SLUDGE | A mixt. of organic materials resulting from purification of municipal waste. There are 2 types: (1) Imhoff sludge: A low grade sludge contg ammonia (2 - 3 %) & PO4H3 (1 %). Derivation: By running sewage through settling tanks without access of air. The sludge, or solid matter, is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. (2) Activated sludge: A high-grade sludge contg ammonia (5 - 7.5 %) & PO4H3 (2.5 - 4 %) Derivation: By running sewage through settling tanks & pumping air (O) through porous plates at the bottom of the tanks. 20% of the current "ma ke" is also added. The waste acts as nutrient for aerobic bacteria, which consume the polluting organic matter. The resulting solids are filtered & dried. |
| SHAPE-MEMORY POLYMERS | When heated, SHAPE-MEMORY POLYMERS transform from a temporary initial shape into a often drastically different permanent shape |
| SHELL COMPANY | Co. without a business |
| SHIGA LIKE TOXIN | Shiga-like toxin is Shiga toxin produced by the bacteria E. coli and also known as Verotoxin. In 1977, researchers in Ottawa rediscovered the Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae in E. coli. The E. Coli version was named Verotoxin because of the ability of the toxic protein to kill Vero (African green monkey kidney) cells in culture. Shortly after, the Verotoxin was referred to as Shiga-like toxin because of its similarities to Shiga toxin. |
| SHIGA TOXIN | Toxin produced by "Shigella dysenteriae" bacteria |
| SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME | SBS is a condition resulting from the surgical removal of significant portions of the bowel following injury or illness. There are 16,000 to 20,000 adult patients with SBS in the United States. Regulatory authorities in the U.S. and European Union have granted orphan drug status to teduglutide for its potential use, if approved, in treating SBS. Symptoms of SBS include diarrhea, dehydration, malnourishment, and weight loss caused by an inadequate absorption of nutrients and fluids from the diet. Long-term complications of the condition may include an increased risk of systemic infections due to the presence of an intravenous feeding line, degenerative changes in the bones and nerves due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and liver failure. Potential benefits derived from reduced dependence on intravenous feeding may include improved nutrition, lower rates of infections, and improved quality of life due to more time away from intravenous feeding, which may provide greater mobility and improved sleep |
| SHOTCRETE | Sprayable Concrete |
| SICK BUILDING SYNDROME | an environment where indoor air quality is further compromised by cleaning chemicals, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) emitted by furnishings, and ozone emitted from fax and copy machines. |
| SICKLE CELL ANEMIA | Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disease in which the red blood cells, normally disc-shaped, become crescent shaped. As a result, they function abnormally and cause small blood clots. These clots give rise to recurrent painful episodes called "sickle cell pain crises". |
| SIDEROPHORE | iron-loving organic molecules |
| SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION | Intracellular protein communication |
| SILICA. FUMED | Colloidal form of silica made by combustion of Si tetrachloride in H-O furnaces |
| SILICA. PRECIPITATED | Silica made by acid-precipitation of aq. soln. of alkaline silicates |
| SILICON CHIP (Electronics) | A thin, round slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, from which microchips are made. Silicon is processed into large cylindrical ingots, sliced into ultra-thin wafers and then implanted with transistors before being cut into smaller semiconductor chips |
| SILICON WAFER (Electronics) | A thin, round slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, from which microchips are made. Silicon is processed into large cylindrical ingots, sliced into ultra-thin wafers and then implanted with transistors before being cut into smaller semiconductor chips |
| SILKWORM | the caterpillar of the silk moth, Bombyx mori |
| SIMULATED MOVING BED TECHNOLOGY (SMB) | If success in pharmaceutical chemical manufacturing is all about having the right tools in the production toolbox, then the tool several companies are adding today is simulated moving bed technology. SMB, as the process is known, is a large-scale version of the traditional high-performance liquid chromatography used by countless laboratories to purify or separate mixtures of compounds. Unlike HPLC, however, SMB is a continuous process in which a solvent and the compounds to be separated are injected into and withdrawn from a ring of chromatographic columns at rotating points between the columns. This technique simulates movement of the chromatographic packing material, or bed, against the solvent stream and allows for continuous recovery of the desired compound. |
| SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM | Genomes of different individuals are well over 99& identical. The most typical variations are changes called SINGLE-NUCLEOTI DE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs), in which one or another of 2 DNA bases is found at an identical genomic location in different people |
| SKELETAL DYSPLASIA | Skeletal dysplasia (Achondroplasia & hypochondroplasia) Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia are bone diseases caused by a genetic disorder (a defect in the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene (FGFR1), which affects the long bones of the arms and legs. In addition to growth failure, achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia are characterised by abnormal body proportions. These abnormal body proportions are more severe in children with achondroplasia. In most cases, they are apparent at birth and persist into adulthood. In addition, children with achondroplasia are often obese with a large head and flattened nose. |
| SKIN ATROPHY | the thinning and/or general degradation of the dermis often characterized by a decrease in collagen and/or elastin as well as decreased number, size and doubling potential of fibroblast cells |
| SLEEP APNEA | cessation of breathing during sleep |
| SMALL for GESTATIONAL AGE (SGA) | Approximately 5% of all infants are born shorter and/or lighter than normal, regardless of whether or not they are born premature. These infants are considered small for their gestational age (SGA). Although the majority of these children catch up in height to within the normal range during the first 2 years of life, 8 - 10% of short children born SGA fail to exhibit catch-up growth by age 2. If left untreated, these children are likely to remain short throughout adolescence and adulthood. In the majority of cases, the cause of SGA remains unknown. However, there are also several known causes, including: Foetal abnormalities Placental insufficiency (i.e. as a result of smoking, drugs, or alcohol) Maternal factors (i.e., cardiovascular disease, multiple birth pregnancy) The growth hormone status of children born SGA varies from normal to deficient and it is thought that decreased growth is due to insensitivity to the body’s own growth hormone and/or other growth factors. Growth hormone therapy is thought to overcome this insensitivity, enabling children to reach their full potential height. |
| SOAP BUBBLE (Toy) | A soap bubble is a spherical layer of soap film encapsulating air or gas. The film consists of a thin sheet of water sandwiched between two layers of soap molecules. One end of each soap molecule is hydrophilic, or attracted to water. The other end consists of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain that tends to avoid water. The hydrophobic ends of the soap molecules crowd to the surface, trying to avoid the water, and stick out away from the layer of water molecules. As a result, water molecules separate from each other. The increased distance between the water molecules causes a decrease in surface tension, enabling bubbles to form. Bubbles take their familiar spherical shape in order to minimize the energy of the soap film. A sphere provides the minimal surface area needed to enclose a given volume, making it the most efficient shape for a bubble. Even bubbles blown from odd-shaped wands end up in spheres. The perfect soap film for bubbles comes from the perfect solution. Numerous variations of soap bubble solutions appear on the Internet. Almost all recipes involve liquid detergents, such as Joy or Dawn, and water. Unlike soaps, detergents don't contain a carboxylate group that reacts with calcium and magnesium ions found in hard water to produce a scum. Therefore, detergents aren't dependent on distilled water for bubble formation. Glycerin--C3H5(OH)3, which can be bought in drugstores--is often included as well. Bubbles eventually burst once the layer of water evaporates, but adding glycerin lengthens the life span of bubbles. Glycerin forms weak hydrogen bonds with water, delaying evaporation. Dry air or dry hands can still burst a bubble, however. |
| SOIL RELEASE AGENT | An additive that deposits on fabrics, mainly polyester or polyester blends, during one washing & aids the removal of soil in sub sequent washings. |
| SOLVAY PROCESS | Most of world's soda ash is made by title process, a synthetic route invented in the 1870s by Belgian Ernest Solvay in which limestone & salt are converted into soda ash & Ca chloride |
| SOMATIC | Pertaining to cells &/or tissues of an organism; other than the mature gametes & germ cells from which they develop |
| SOTALOL | N-[4-[1-hydroxy-2-[(1-methylethyl)amino]ethylphenyl]methane-sulfonamide |
| SP/PR | Dr. Chernobayev's private consulting center for men For patient's consideration Professional comments Requisites Ðóññêàÿ âåðñèÿ For patient's consideration The preparation for consideration is the highly dispersed camphor emulsion ECADO manufactured using a special know-how and based on the carrier developed by Dr. Chernobayev to ensure its rapid absorption. The pharmacological mechanism of action of the drug is described in the "Theory" section. However it is still misunderstood by many physicians, not mentioning patients. Prostate adenoma is now believed to develop, sooner or later, in every man old enough. Notable changes in the prostate appear even at younger ages, from about 30 to 40 years. Therefore, many men who are older than 35 suffer from chronic prostatitis, and after a few years adenomatous nodes develop. In 40-80% of patients this is associated with impaired sexual function. Age-associated changes in the prostate are likely to be naturally programmed. If so, how can they be prevented? This is what the easy-to-use drug ECADO is designed for. It has been patented and has no analogues in the world. When used in therapy for prostate adenoma it allows not only to eliminate the clinical manifestations of the condition but, also, to decrease the size of the enlarged prostate by 40%, on average, in a very short time. How it comes? The daily secretion by the prostate must be minimum 2 ml. This amount is either discharged with the sperma or, where no regular sexual intercourses occur, is excreted with urine imperceptibly. In older ages and in the cases of inflammation the latter does not occur. The secretory units of the prostate, its acini, which produce their secretion perpetually, become overfilled with their thick and viscous secretion and become vulnerable to infection. Just imagine a jar of milk on a window-still. In 24 h, there will be milk whey above and clabber below. Every tissue of human body, including blood, urine and even bone, is a biocolloid vulnerable to natural aging (colloidoclasia). ECADO preparation is quickly absorbed. Camphor, being one of its components, is released in an unchanged way in prostate and ensures dilution and removal of its secretion. Camphor provides normal level of the hormones which are constantly present in prostate and normalization of their ratio. Scientific research already exists in this sphere. This is important to understand the pathogenesis of progression of adenoma and prostate cancer. The use of ECADO provides for rapid restoration of the resistance of prostate secretion to its aging, for recovery of its fluidity and bactericidal activity and, by virtue of improved fluidity, for enhanced ability to pass through narrow ducts in the prostate gland. A short-term treatment of the prostate with the drug easily eliminates the pathogenic microflora in the gland. The microflora affected by the treatment includes Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, viruses, trichomonas species, fungi, chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasma, etc. The acini of the prostate become enabled to easily empty themselves, and the manifestations of their malfunctioning disappear together with the accompanying inflammation. The aforesaid relates to prostatitis and its result, prostate adenoma. The following discussion relates to the ability of ECADO to restore sexual potency. Camphora is generally known to stimulate breathing and heartbeat and to dilate blood vessels in the heart and brain. The control centers of these functions are located in the parasympathetic compartment of the spinal cord (the medulla). The other part of this parasympathetic nervous system is localized in the sacral compartment of the nervous system where the center that controls erection resides. ECADO stimulates this center, which leads to dilation of the cavernous bodies of the penis. The use of ECADO to treat erectile dysfunctions and impaired ejaculation in patients aged above 75 affords excellent results. In recent years this approach has been used to treat patient aged above 90, and good results were obtained. ECADO is the first drug worldwide to be useful not only for treatment of prostatitis, male infertility, benign prostate hyperplasia, and impotence, but also for prevention of these conditions. However, if the age-associated changes in the prostate are programmed and, thus, are inevitable, how could they be avoided or delayed? How surgery on the prostate could be avoided? When the relevant prophylactic treatment should be started? Dr. Chernobayev suggests a program for prevention of these conditions using monotherapy with ECADO. This is as simple as the following. You brush your teeth in the morning to prevent caries and use ECADO by night, which is easy to get used to. Much depends upon when, at which stage of the continuing and distressing process of aging, you start seeking medical attention. It is never late to start treatment. However, longer treatment is needed when prostate adenoma has already developed. Then supportive courses of treatment with ECADO are sufficient. THE TREATMENT REGIMEN FOR PREVENTION OF PROSTATITIS, BENIGN HYPERPLASIA OF THE PROSTATE, IMPOTENCE, AND PROSTATE CANCER The onset of prophylactic treatment. No symptoms of the conditions are evident. The age is 35-45 years. Treatment regimen: 20-40 days of every other day treatment annually. Recommendations: - urine tests - blood tests - ultrasonic examination - prostate palpation - spermogram (to be compares with earlier results). Symptoms include the sensations of heaviness and pain in the perineum, local sweating in the scrotum? reduced urine pressure, nocturnal urges for urination about 1 time per night, premature ejaculation, and incomplete or unstable erection. The age is usually 35-48 years. Treatment regimen: two courses lasting for 30-50 days annually. Recommendations: - urine tests - blood tests - ultrasonic examination - prostate palpation - PSA Expressed symptoms including frequent urination reaching two times overnight and causing "WC-bounding" in the daytime; flaccid urine jet and the need to squeeze urine out in the end of urination; the sensations of heaviness and pain in the perineum and in the sacral area in the morning and of pain above the pubic area; unstable and incomplete erection and premature ejaculation. The age is 46-48 years or older. Treatment regimen: daily procedures for 40-60 days 2-3 times annually. Recommendations: - urine tests - blood tests - blood sugar - blood bilirubin - blood creatinine - ultrasonic examination - PSA - prostate palpation. It is advised that a patient achieves some stable level of symptoms in the course of using ECADO and determines his attitude towards this level and related quality of life. The treatment with ECADO should be repeated when patient's condition worsens. In this case, the drug should be used more frequently. ECADO is sent to foreign customers by mail after prepayment is made by remittance to the banking account specified below. The price of a kit for 20 days of use is US$ 195. The customer shall notify about the remittance of this amount and also inform of his/her personal data and postal address. Beneficiary Institution SABRRU2P - Saving Bank of the Russian Federation (Severo-Zapadny Office) St. Petersburg Tosno Branch. Beneficiary Customer 42301840355385000265 Chernobayev Nikolay Remittance information (This field consisting of 4 lines, 35 symbols each, may be filled with information related to the remittance). Indications: Stage 1 and 2 prostate adenoma, chronic prostatitis, male infertility, sexual weakness, prophylaxis of prostate cancer. Contraindications: epilepsy, glaucoma, individual intolerance. Side effects: in some cases, local reactions manifested as mild itch are possible. Dosage and usage: The typical dose is 4-5 ml of emulsion. The preparation is administered rectally once a day by night. To this, pull the plunger out of the syringe and fill it with emulsion up to the mark 5. Then put the plunger back, lubricate the tip and insert it into the anus till fixed stop. Push out the contents. Wash the syringe with warm water and soap. Treatment regimen: daily intrarectal administrations of 5 ml of the emulsion for 2 months in cases of chronic prostatitis, for 3-4 months in cases of prostate adenoma, 1.5-2 months in cases of sexual failure, and 2-6 months in cases of infertility. No physiotherapy and massage of the prostate and no other drugs are needed. Note: Do not use the preparation after the expiry date. Store it in a dry cool place protected from light. Shelf life: two years. Kit contents: Three 45-ml tubes, microclyster and instruction (check the appearance). The preparation ECADO is used by prescription of doctor Chernobayev, urologist. The right to formulate the preparation ECADO belongs to Chernobayev N.Ye. and is protected by the Laws of the Russian Federation as related to author's rights and intellectual property. Manufactured by MPP "Farmatsiya", Saint-Petersburg, by the author's license. The preparation ECADO is not subjected to obligatory certification basing on the Regulations of Medicinal Drug Registration in the Russian Federation. REQUEST FOR TREATMENT Please indicate the following where possible: Family name, first name, patronymic. Age. Marital status. Profession. Home address. Telephone number. Data of clinical, laboratory and other examinations. Prior treatment(s) (surgical or therapeutic). Prior drugs. Concomitant diseases. Addressing the Consulting Center ECADO for Men is available for anyone irrespective of age or place of residence. Here is our contact information. Copyright 2003 "Dr.Chernobayev" address: 187000, Leningrad district, Tosno, P.O. Box ¹146 tel.: (81361) 29-4-29 mob. tel.: 8-921 657-60-44 e-mail: info@ecado.ru Адрес: 187000, Ленинградская обл., г.Тосно, а/я №146 Тел.: (81361) 29-4-29 Факс: (81361) 269-46 e-mail: info@ecado.ru |
| SPANDEX | Generic Name (Australia, USA) for Elastomeric PolyUrethane Fiber |
| SPASTICITY | Spasticity refers to the involuntary tension, stiffening or contractions of muscles. This condition occurs when the nerve cells in the spinal cord become disconnected from controlling centers in the brain, and therefore transmit unregulated impulses to the muscles. Spasticity may be painful and may range from slight muscle stiffness to permanent shortening of the muscle. Spasticity may interfere with mobility, making moving from a seated to a standing position or transferring from a bed to a wheelchair more difficult. Daily activities (such as eating, dressing and grooming) may also become more difficult for a person living with spasticity. Spasticity is common in neurological disorders where portions of the nervous system that control voluntary movement have been damaged, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke and traumatic brain injury. Up to 75% of people with chronic SCI, and the majority of people with MS experience some form of spasticity. While the incidence of spasticity is not known with certainty, it is estimated to affect over half a million people in the United States alone, and over 12 million worldwide1. |
| SPECIAL PROTOCOL ASSESSMENT (FDA) | A Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) from the FDA is an agreement that the Phase III trial protocol design, clinical endpoints, and statistical analyses are acceptable to support regulatory approval. An SPA is binding upon the FDA unless a substantial scientific issue essential to determining safety or efficacy is identified after the testing is begun. For more information please visit the FDA website: www.fda.gov/CbER/gdlns/protocol.pdf. |
| SPHINGOLIPIDOSIS | One of a number of genetically inherited metabolic defects in humans that are characterized by the accumulation of various sphingolipids & that are due to deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes. Examples: - Krabbe's disease - Niemann-Pick disease - Tay-Sachs disease |
| SPINAL CORD INJURY | Description of SCI Patient pinal cord injury (SCI) affects between 180,000 and 230,000 Americans. In SCI, conduction of nerve signals between the brain and those nerve cells below the injury site is blocked. SCI patients experience impaired or loss of normal bodily functions, including the sense of touch and the ability to move. Since the level of injury differs between patients, the degree and type of impairment also differs. Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of SCI in the U.S., followed by acts of violence, falls and sports. Additionally, patients with a particular autoimmune disorder, called transverse myelitis, may also suffer from severe spinal cord injury. In these patients, the disorder is believed to be due to injury to the sheath surrounding the nerves in the spinal cord. |
| SQUALENE SYNTHETASE | is a microsomal enzyme which catalyzes the reductive dimerization of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) to form squalene (Poulter, C.D.; Rilling, H.C., in "Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds", Vol. I, Chapter 8, pp. 413-441, J. Wiley and Sons, 1981, and references therein). |
| STAGE (Oncology) | the measurement of the extent of a cancer - whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. |
| STAGE II COLON CANCER | Cancer has spread outside the colon and/or rectum to nearby tissue, but it has not gone into the lymph nodes. Also called Dukes B colorectal cancer |
| STEATOSIS | 1. Adiposis 2. Fatty degeneration 3. Fats in Liver |
| STEM CELL | Undifferentiated Cell taken from very early Human Embryos |
| STENT | Tiny Pieces of Wire Mesh that prop open Vascular Vessel to treat Restenosis |
| STERILIZATION | complete elimination of all viable microorganisms including spores (Hospital Infections, 2nd Ed. (Bennett, J. V. and Brachinan, P. S. eds.), Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass.), pp. 238-241, 1986). |
| STILLE COUPLING REACTION | Suzuki Coupling Variation based on OrganoTin Reagent |
| STRUCTURAL GENOMICS | focuses on the physical aspects of the genome through the construction and comparison of gene maps and sequences, as well as gene discovery, localization, and characterization. |
| SULFUR SWEETENING | Sulfur Compd. Removal Process |
| SUN PROTECTION FACTOR | The degree of protection afforded by a sunscreen is rated by its SPF, or sun protection factor: How long it will permit you to stay in the sun without your skin turning red (a condition known as erythema), compared with how long it would take your skin to turn red without the sunscreen. |
| SUN SKIN TAN | Body's reaction to damage. Given by Macchio Ralph. Coty's Senior VP of R&D |
| SUPERCONDUCTOR | Material that, below a given temperature, can transmit electrical current with ZERO resistance, that is, without losing part of energy produced in form of heat |
| SUPERCRITICAL WATER | Characterized by - T = 400C - Pressure = 230 bar - Density = 0.1 - Dielectric constant = 2 - Rel. ionization constant = < 0.01 |
| SUPERGENERICS. (Pharma.) | It's better than the original; it represents a higher level of innovation than specialty generics; and the company gets full patent protection and a minimum of three years of marketing exclusivity. However, the supergeneric maker must go through a different approval process--not the Abbreviated New Drug Application, which applies to generic versions--requiring limited animal toxicology studies and clinical trials to demonstrate that its version is effective. |
| SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE | Surface Plasmon Resonance - a method to analyze interfacial optical properties and to develop biosensors The phenomenon of anomalous diffraction on diffraction gratings due to the excitation of surface plasma waves was first described in the beginning of the twentieth century by Wood [1]. In the late sixties, optical excitation of surface plasmons by the method of attenuated total reflection was demonstrated by Kretschmann [2] and Otto [3]. Since then, surface plasmons have been intensively studied and their major properties have been assessed [4,5]. There are review papers specially recommended for beginners in the SPR method. SPR Principle Surface Plasmon Resonance is an quantum optical-electrical phenomenon arising from the interaction of light with a metal surface. Under certain conditions the energy carried by photons of light is transferred to packets of electrons, called plasmons, on a metal’s surface. Energy transfer occurs only at a specific resonance wavelength of light. That is, the wavelength where the quantum energy carried by the photons exactly equals the quantum energy level of the plasmons. All the various kinds of excitation that occur in the gas phase may also take place in the condensed states of matter (liquid, glass, or solid), but their relative contributions may be affected. In addition, special activated states are produced for which there is no analogue in the gaseous state. They owe their existence to the collective behaviour of atoms and molecules in close proximity. The more important of them are the exciton state, the polaron state, the charge-transfer (or charge-separated) state, and the plasmon state. The plasmon state is a highly delocalized state formed collectively through Coulombian (electrostatic) interaction of weakly bound electrons. Energy losses, approximating 10-20 eV in most materials, resulting from formation of plasmon states are seen in the impact of electrons of a few tens of kilovolts energy on thin films. Both metals and nonmetals, including plastics, show plasma energy losses. The lost energy may reappear in the form of ultraviolet or visible radiation; no chemical effect is known to have occurred from such losses. |
| SURGICAL MESHES | are grid-like plugs, which are used to repair defects within the muscle-skeletal system. |
| SURVIVIN (Protein) | a molecule that allows the survival of cells that would normally undergo programmed cell death. When cancer cells grow, they appear to need the help of survivin. The molecule is abundant in many types of cancers, including colon, brain, lung, skin and others, but nearly nonexistent in normal cells. |
| SUZUKI COUPLING REACTION | In this palladium-catalyzed reaction, the coupling partners are an electrophile, usually an aryl halide, and a nucleophile, usually an arylboronic acid, and the product usually is a biaryl |
| SYNAPSE | The area of functional contact between 2 nerve cells; consists of the nerve terminals, the specialized regions of the 2 nerve cells in the immediate vicinity of the nerve terminals, & the gap (synaptic cleft) between the 2 cells. A synapse is a communicating junction between 2 cells but the communication is indirect even though the cells are in physical contact. The sending cell (presynaptic cell) secretes a chemical (neurotransmitter) that diffuses across the synaptic cleft & signals the receiving cell (postsynaptic cell). The majority of synapses are such chemical synapses but some synapses are electrical; in the latter, the signal passes directly from one neuron to another through a gap junction |
| SYNCOPE | Partial or complete loss of consciousness with interruption of awareness of oneself and ones surroundings. When the loss of consciousness is temporary and there is spontaneous recovery, it is referred to as syncope or, in nonmedical quarters, fainting. Syncope accounts for one in every 30 visits to an emergency room. Syncope is due to a temporary reduction in blood flow and therefore a shortage of oxygen to the brain. This leads to lightheadedness or a "black out" episode, a loss of consciousness. Temporary impairment of the blood supply to the brain can be caused by heart conditions and by conditions that do not directly involve the heart: |
| SYNTHESIS |